Research Paper Writing Help Online

Research Paper Writing Help Online If your time is nebulous, you will be more more likely to drop the ball. You’ve obtained a date with a chair and life-long studying. If you get caught whereas writing, pull out this sentence and see the place you’ve gone astray, or where you go to get back on observe. “We can’t anticipate journalists to go seek an MPH , or even a single tutorial class, within the midst of this pandemic. “Some may get the training they need in journalism applications, others might pick it up along the way in which. In my case, it was a bit of both,” mentioned Apoorva Mandavilli, a health journalist at New York Times. This time, I had a co-trainer, Ngozi Erondu, an infectious ailments epidemiologist who has performed outbreak investigations in Africa. She is a Senior Research Fellow on the Chatham House Centre for Global Health Security. Taryn Young, Director of the Centre for Evidence-based Health Care at Stellenbosch University contributed as visitor school. “I did not know much about epidemiology earlier than I enrolled in the course,” said Nidhi Jamwal, a journalist at GaonConnection. “The most necessary learning for me was understanding the number of research designs. My research is mainly focused on enhancing the analysis and remedy of tuberculosis in low and middle income nations. I like to put in writing about world well being, applied sciences of relevance to international well being, healthcare supply challenges in low earnings international locations, and inequities in healthcare. I serve as an adviser to non-earnings similar to WHO, Stop TB Partnership, FIND, and TB Alliance. I have written for HuffPost, The Conversation, STAT, Devex, Scientific American, Nature blogs, among others. It will, nevertheless, be a bit simpler now that you know precisely what your prof needs and also you’ve received a schedule in place. You’re going to fill out an hour or two of labor each day, accounting for other lessons, social engagements, and priority necessities. When making the schedule, set completion targets so that the time isn’t open-ended. “But reporting on the pandemic has additionally been challenging due to the variety of complex new concepts to understand and explain to folks regularly. If there have been short online programs, I would definitely enroll,” she added. In reality, we need to teach journalism & communication to all public well being college students, and public health to all journalism college students. For this to occur, schools of public health should collaborate more with journalism schools and media homes. “The job requires us to typically write about areas outdoors our expertiseâ€"and that’s especially so for a crisis as far-reaching as a pandemic, mentioned Ed Yong, a science journalist at The Atlantic. So positive epidemiology training would possibly assist but you can study on the job should you actually apply good journalism,” he added. Similar online sources are additionally provided by the Association of Health Care Journalists , the Pulitzer Center, and World Federation of Science Journalists. If such on-line programs can include epidemiology modules, they may help attain more journalists. Your profs know if you don’t take time prewriting, they usually know if you’re being wishy-washy or solely reading to bolster your opinion. Go via and find the ideas the prof desires you to cowl in the paper. Even with bullets and instructions that’s a lot of text. Let’s take it section by section, one directive at a time. Once you understand what the prof desires, you possibly can write a one sentence reference that you can discuss with everytime you really feel such as you’re going astray. Take a number of moments to review the assignment and rubric with a pen and highlighter, making notes and underlining key components the prof needs to see. I am a Canada Research Chair of Epidemiology & Global Health at McGill University, Montreal, where I function Director of the McGill International Tuberculosis Centre. I did my medical coaching in India and public well being training in Berkeley. There are a number of colleges that supply dual diploma programs that straddle public health and journalism, just like the applications at UC Berkeley and Columbia). Fifth, they wrestle with tips on how to understand and report on contradicting studies or modifications in evidence or policies over time (e.g. evolution of insurance policies on masks). Second, they had been eager to know whether publications in major, international journals (e.g. Lancet or New England Journal of Medicine) one way or the other meant they have been belief-worthy or less biased. They had been stunned to see the recent excessive-profile retractions in these journals and had been uncertain of what that meant for peer-evaluation as a yardstick for guaranteeing high quality. Inspired by the reception of the India course, I decided to do an analogous course for journalists in Africa. In this paper, I will reveal my understanding of a linguistic concept I learned this semester and the way it relates to my field of research. I will reveal this knowledge by staying organized, using related analysis, and sticking to my thesis assertion. It’s clear from the highlighting and underlining that the prof needs an argumentative paper that’s well-organized and considerate. Note that there is nothing about originality in this rubric. To get an A on this paper, you need to carry out with excellence in 3 categories and above average in at least 2 of the opposite categories.

Seven Tips For Writing A Good Paper

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How To Write An Excellent History Paper

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How To Write An A+ Research Paper

How To Write An A+ Research Paper For instance, when you’re discussing the various shades of leaf coloration, you may need to include a couple of images of colorful leaves. Headings (p. forty seven) serve an essential function in research papers â€" they manage your paper and make it simple to locate completely different pieces of knowledge. In addition, headings provide readers with a glimpse to the primary concept, or content material, they're about to learn. APA bibliography web page, to ensure you’re on monitor together with your analysis papers. On the next line, write a abstract of the key factors of your analysis. Below is an example of a pupil APA format essay. We even have PDF versions of each a student paper and an expert paper linked under. We’ve included a full paper beneath to provide you an concept of what an essay in APA format seems like. Colors can change relying on the reader’s screen resolution. Using black and white ensures the reader will be able to view the image clearly. The only time it is recommended to use color photographs is when you’re writing about color-specific issues. Abstracts are not usually seen at school assignments, and are often only included when submitting a paper for publication. Unless your trainer or professor asked for it, you most likely don’t must have one in your class task. You could come across abstracts while researching a subject. You could also be asking your self, “Do I embody durations between the letters? ” “Do I want to put in writing out the total name each and every time? ” Not to fret, we’re breaking down the publication guide’s abbreviations (p. 172) for you right here. If you’re in search of an APA format citation generator, we’ve obtained you covered. Our APA format machine may help you create every reference in your paper. Science papers usually include using numbers, normally displayed in data, tables, and experiment information. The golden rule to remember is that numbers less than 10 are written out in text. This must be a one-page document, so it is extra doubtless that even busy folks may give you rapidly some ideas about the basic path, part titles and relevant key phrases, and so on. Although they don't seem to be obliged to answer, they may often be nice enough to let you know (since by responding, they'll get either a good paper, or less out-of-scope papers, later on). Below, you'll be able to see a pseudo-summary for the same paper, which I did some months later than the unique “major idea”. Upload a paper to verify for plagiarism towards billions of sources and get superior writing recommendations for readability and style. The seventh edition of the Publication Manual is in full color and contains 12 sections . Even although your writing will not have the identical fluff and detail as different types of writing, it shouldn't be boring or uninteresting to read. The Publication Manual suggests thinking about who will be the major reader of your work and to write in a means that educates them. If you choose to include an image of an individual you realize, it might be respectful if you ask their permission earlier than mechanically including their photo in your paper. Some faculties and universities publish analysis papers online and a few people favor that their pictures and data keep off the Internet. I know that it sounds limiting to have such a narrow view of one thing â€" that it is both totally nice or totally unhealthy. But when you are simply starting to learn how to write a school paper you need to at all times put a particular plus or a minus signal in your topic. It’s simply a lot easier to do it this manner as you learn how to write a college paper. Once you have the principle concept , the co-authors, the goal venue, the pseudo-summary and the weighted define, it is a good second to send all this to the co-authors for feedback. However, the four-step approach described on this article should ease the duty. Once the first sentence has introduced the broad field, the following sentence can point to the particular space inside that broad area. For now, this short overview will get you started on studying tips on how to write a college paper. Your abstract abstract is a way to introduce readers to your research matter, the questions that will be answered, the process you took, and any findings or conclusions you drew. You solely have a few sentences to share the abstract of your whole document, so be direct with your wording. Are you questioning if you have to create an abstract on your assignment? Usually, pupil papers do not require an abstract.

When Is A Review Paper Worth Writing?

When Is A Review Paper Worth Writing? For example, when you’re discussing the assorted shades of leaf coloration, you might want to embody a couple of photographs of colourful leaves. Headings (p. forty seven) serve an important objective in analysis papers â€" they manage your paper and make it easy to locate different items of knowledge. In addition, headings provide readers with a glimpse to the principle idea, or content material, they are about to learn. APA bibliography web page, to make sure you’re on observe along with your analysis papers. On the next line, write a summary of the important thing points of your research. First, I’ve just revealed one and I’m about to submit another. Second, over at EcoEvoEvoEco, Andrew Hendry had some enjoyable determining how his citation impact would have been improved had he only ever published review papers somewhat than major-science ones. For now, this brief overview will get you started on studying tips on how to write a school paper. So, what stand can you take about ‘College Life? I know that it sounds limiting to have such a slender view of something â€" that it is both completely nice or completely dangerous. Literature reviewsThese papers analyze another individual’s work or a gaggle of works. The purpose is to collect information about a present issue or downside and to speak where we're at present. Since APA style format is used often in science fields, the belief is “less is more.” Make sure you’re in a position to get your factors throughout in a clear and transient means. Try not to add fluff and unnecessary particulars into your paper or writing. This will keep the paper length shorter and more concise. It is completely different from literature reviews in that it attempts to explain or clear up an issue by coming up with a new principle. Unless your teacher or professor requested for it, you in all probability don’t must have one on your class task. You might come throughout abstracts whereas researching a topic. Many databases display abstracts in the search outcomes and often show them before exhibiting the complete text of an article or scientific research. It is important to create a high quality summary that precisely communicates the aim and goal of your paper, as readers will determine whether it is worthy to continue studying or not. running heads usually are not required for student papers until requested by the trainer. Your abstract abstract is a approach to introduce readers to your research subject, the questions that might be answered, the process you took, and any findings or conclusions you drew. You only have a few sentences to share the abstract of your whole document, so be direct with your wording. Are you wondering if you have to create an summary for your assignment? Usually, scholar papers do not require an summary. Abstracts usually are not usually seen in class assignments, and are usually only included when submitting a paper for publication. Some schools and universities publish research papers on-line and a few folks favor that their pictures and information stay off the Internet. Colors can change relying on the reader’s screen resolution. Using black and white ensures the reader will have the ability to view the image clearly. The only time it is recommended to make use of shade pictures is should you’re writing about color-specific things. But when you are just beginning to discover ways to write a college paper you need to at all times put a particular plus or a minus sign in your subject. It’s simply much simpler to do it this manner as you learn to write a school paper. The Publication Manual suggests excited about who will be the primary reader of your work and to write in a method that educates them. If you choose to include a picture of an individual you know, it will be respectful should you ask their permission before automatically including their photo in your paper. It sheds light on issues and makes an attempt to fill these gaps with ideas for future research and strategies. You’ll more than likely use APA format if your paper is on a scientific subject. Many behavioral and social sciences use this organization’s standards and pointers. I assume it’s priceless to evaluation those 15 years of papers, since a big theme is obscured by continued use of non-standard nomenclature. A couple of issues have me serious about review papers recently. Student papers still need a web page quantity included within the higher proper-hand corner of each web page. The sixth edition required a operating head for scholar papers, so make sure to verify with your teacher which edition you must observe.

Best Custom Essay Writing Service In Usa

Best Custom Essay Writing Service In Usa Notice how the thesis solutions the query, “What must be done to cut back sugar consumption by youngsters, and who should do it? ” When you started excited about the paper, you could not have had a particular question in mind, but as you turned extra concerned in the subject, your ideas became more specific. Your thesis modified to replicate your new insights. In a super world, you'll have the assignments prepared a minimum of a week earlier than the deadline. However, the reality of being a scholar typically makes you notice you could have an project just a few days and even hours earlier than it’s due. Every paper you write ought to have a main level, a main concept, or central message. The argument you make in your paper ought to reflect this primary concept. The sentence that captures your place on this primary thought is what we name a thesis statement. This is a robust thesis as a result of it reveals how your expertise contradicts a broadly-accepted view. I've known too many junior scientists who have been burned from signing their reviews early on in their careers. I use annotations that I made within the PDF to start writing my evaluation; that means I always remember to say one thing that occurred to me whereas studying the paper. Then I make specific feedback on every section, itemizing the main questions or issues. Depending on how a lot time I have, I sometimes additionally finish with a bit of minor comments. This is not an issue for our cheap essay writing service, as we can accommodate deadlines as urgent as 6 hours. A dissertation is one of the most essential challenges in your scholar life. Do not expect to come up with a totally formulated thesis assertion earlier than you've finished writing the paper. The thesis will inevitably change as you revise and develop your conceptsâ€"and that's okay! Start with a tentative thesis and revise as your paper develops. It’s an essential skill and service to the scientific neighborhood, however the learning curve may be significantly steep. The responses have been edited for readability and brevity. A nicely-crafted thesis assertion reflects well-crafted ideas. It alerts a author who has intelligence, dedication, and enthusiasm. Use your individual words in thesis statements; keep away from quoting. With so much of your tutorial success at stake, you don’t wish to rely on chance. Hire our USA best writing services and your dissertation will impress even the hardest critics. You could also be swamped with other homework, have a deadline at work, or just have hassle understanding the idea of the essay. You could also be invited to crucial social event of the yr simultaneously you might be imagined to work in your essay. We get it â€" your pupil life is unpredictable. Your A-degree paper shall be delivered by the deadline. We are one of many least expensive essay writing companies within the US. the textual content may be revised as many times as it is wanted. Crafting an authentic, insightful, and memorable thesis makes a definite impression on a reader. You will lose credibility as a author if you turn into only a mouthpiece or a copyist; you'll gain credibility by grabbing the reader with your own ideas and phrases. I may, for instance, spotlight an apparent typo or grammatical error, although I don’t pay lots of consideration to those, as it is the authors’ and copyeditors’ responsibility to ensure clear writing. When diving in deeper, first I attempt to assess whether or not all the important papers are cited in the references, as that additionally often correlates with the quality of the manuscript itself. Then, proper within the Introduction, you can typically acknowledge whether the authors thought of the total context of their subject. It is also essential that the authors guide you thru the whole article and clarify every desk, each figure, and each scheme. As junior scientists develop their experience and make names for themselves, they are more and more more likely to receive invitations to evaluation research manuscripts. A good strategy for creating a powerful thesis is to show that the topic is controversial. Readers might be interested in studying the remainder of the essay to see how you assist your point. The answer we’re providing will clear up your USA essay writing problem for good. Completing each written assignment by yourself is likely one of the most challenging things you will encounter in your life as a scholar. You can try and do it, but your relationships, sleeping schedule, job, and even grades will suffer consequently. Luckily, you don’t need to go through all that thanks to our American essay writing service. After we now have acquired the information and the fee, an expert writer will start engaged on the duty.

Writing An Introductory Paragraph

Writing An Introductory Paragraph More than one hundred+ accomplished and delivered on time orders daily. We cite based on the eighth version of MLA, sixth version of APA, and 16th version of Chicago . If a similar paper exists elsewhere, notify the editor in the cover letter. A statement to the editor that the paper is original. Check part 17, which is APA writing format for numbers. To see an example of an APA format analysis paper, with the spacing we believe is most commonly and acceptable to use, scroll down and see part D. First and foremost, use abbreviations sparingly. Every quote or piece of outside info included within the paper ought to be referenced and have an entry. Did you discover the perfect quote or piece of data to incorporate in your project? It’s at all times a nice feeling after we discover that magical piece of knowledge or data to incorporate in our writing. You in all probability already know that you could’t simply copy and paste it into your project, or sort it in, with out additionally providing credit score to the original creator. Looking for a full visual of a page of references? Scroll down and take a peek at our APA format essay instance towards the bottom of this page. The official APA format guide was primarily created to aid individuals with submitting their paper for publication in an expert journal. Many schools adopt sure components of the handbook and modify sections to match their preference. You’ll see an inventory of references and you may gain a sense of how they give the impression of being. The guide recommends using one house after most punctuation marks, including punctuation at the end of a sentence (p. 154). It doesn’t damage to double verify together with your teacher or professor to ask their preference since this rule was changed just lately . It can't consist within the mere report of your opinions, nor in a mere report of the opinions of the philosophers we focus on. You’ll still need to attend classes and do the studying. But, whenever you outsource part of your duties, time administration suddenly turns into potential. Don't attempt to establish any earth-shattering conclusions in your 5-6 page paper. No matter which of those aims you set for yourself, you must explicitly current reasons for the claims you make. Students typically really feel that since it's clear to them that some declare is true, it doesn't want a lot argument. But it is very straightforward to overestimate the energy of your individual place. You should assume that your viewers does not already accept your place; and you must deal with your paper as an attempt to influence such an viewers. Hence, don't begin with assumptions which your opponents are certain to reject. If you're to have any chance of persuading people, you need to begin from widespread assumptions you all conform to. A philosophy paper consists of the reasoned defense of some claimYour paper should provide an argument. Try it out and unlock the magic of an edited paper. Read by way of our instance essay in APA format, found in part D, to see how we’ve decreased bias and labels. The American Psychological Association strongly objects to any bias in the direction of gender, racial groups, ages of people or topics, disabilities, and sexual orientation (pp. ). If you’re unsure whether your writing is freed from bias and labels or not, have a couple of people learn your work to find out if it’s acceptable. Too many and you’re left with a paper suffering from capital letters mashed together. Plus, they don’t lend themselves to clean and simple reading. Readers need to pause and comprehend the that means of abbreviations and quite often stumble over them.

Earn Money Writing Essays

Earn Money Writing Essays There is time to excellent your analysis paper as you edit. Creating an outline is really about structuring your paper. Don’t be too formulaic, but it can be useful to comply with patterns and guides. If you have two main points in your thesis, three or 5 primary sections won't work in your research paper. Although this will run opposite to what you’ve been advised, you can use Wikipedia to write down a analysis paper. You can use basic sources like Wikipedia to get familiar with a topic, find keywords that may additional drive your research, and shortly understand massive quantities of data. But, for the data you utilize in your paper, you need to find reliable resources. This could sound apparent, however it’s crucial to understand what your teacher or professor is asking for before you start writing your research paper. Many college students skip this step, and then surprise why they receive a low grade on a paper they worked onerous on or have been enthusiastic about. It’s often because they didn’t read the directions. You can use, obtain, and modify these lecture slides to teach students about tips on how to write a analysis paper. If you discover that old ideas do not match as well as you anticipated, you should minimize them out or condense them. The dialogue or recommendations sections of research papers often embody ideas for other specific matters that require additional examination. A analysis paper is a bit of academic writing that provides evaluation, interpretation, and argument primarily based on in-depth independent research. If you notice, most of your writing time shall be spent on the front endâ€"creating the first draft of the paper. This is as a result of everything after that will be revisionary. You have carried out plenty of work already, so trust that and work from memory as you write your research paper. It’s okay to look up a specific quote or statistic, but in general your ideas should be your own at this point. Don’t worry about finding the perfect phrases, using the perfect grammar, or crafting the proper title. If you have to lengthen your paper, don’t simply randomly add words or repeat issues you've already stated. It could be helpful to look over your analysis earlier than you start writing, but don’t write immediately out of your research. If you’re looking forwards and backwards between your resources and your paper as you begin writing, it’s simple to repeat concepts with out actually creating your personal work. Check your college library for analysis papers and books on the subject. Look for main sources, such as journals, private data, or contemporary newspaper articles when yow will discover them. Also, avoid tremendous analytical or technical matters that you think you’ll have a hard time writing about (except that’s the task…then jump right into all the technicalities you need). All of papers you get at Payforessay.web are meant for analysis functions only. You may additionally discover that new and nicely-suited ideas occurred to you through the writing of the primary draft â€" nows the time to make them part of the paper. You also can gain inspiration from different research. They can help you seek for resources, join you with consultants within the field your researching, or give you suggestions concerning the direction of your research and writing. If your paper is too lengthy or too brief, nows the time to cut it down or build it up to an appropriate length. Don’t simply delete your conclusion as a result of your paper is too lengthy. Don’t waste your time enjoying with the font measurement and margins to attempt to make your essay longer. If you should take one thing out, what is smart to chop and how are you going to re-organize your paper so that it maintains a powerful construction? Another typically-missed useful resource is the research librarian. Did you realize that, in addition to tons of books and on-line materials, school and university libraries typically have employees whose job it is to help reply your questions? Research librarians focus on research (it'd sound apparent, however take a second to get enthusiastic about how much this might allow you to and your research paper!). These librarians often concentrate on specific fields and subjects, so you may get particular, professional help that pertains to your subject. You’re not writing in a vacuumâ€"you have tutorial support at your fingertips, as well as friends who're in the same boat. Make an appointment with the writing heart to get a semi-professional set of eyes, and had that paper to a good friend for quick notes. Your profs aren’t attempting to bust your chops â€"they’re attempting to streamline the grading course of. Imagine you could have 75 papers to grade written by your 75 college students.

Earn Money Writing Essays

Earn Money Writing Essays There is time to excellent your analysis paper as you edit. Creating an outline is really about structuring your paper. Don’t be too formulaic, but it can be useful to comply with patterns and guides. If you have two main points in your thesis, three or 5 primary sections won't work in your research paper. Although this will run opposite to what you’ve been advised, you can use Wikipedia to write down a analysis paper. You can use basic sources like Wikipedia to get familiar with a topic, find keywords that may additional drive your research, and shortly understand massive quantities of data. But, for the data you utilize in your paper, you need to find reliable resources. This could sound apparent, however it’s crucial to understand what your teacher or professor is asking for before you start writing your research paper. Many college students skip this step, and then surprise why they receive a low grade on a paper they worked onerous on or have been enthusiastic about. It’s often because they didn’t read the directions. You can use, obtain, and modify these lecture slides to teach students about tips on how to write a analysis paper. If you discover that old ideas do not match as well as you anticipated, you should minimize them out or condense them. The dialogue or recommendations sections of research papers often embody ideas for other specific matters that require additional examination. A analysis paper is a bit of academic writing that provides evaluation, interpretation, and argument primarily based on in-depth independent research. If you notice, most of your writing time shall be spent on the front endâ€"creating the first draft of the paper. This is as a result of everything after that will be revisionary. You have carried out plenty of work already, so trust that and work from memory as you write your research paper. It’s okay to look up a specific quote or statistic, but in general your ideas should be your own at this point. Don’t worry about finding the perfect phrases, using the perfect grammar, or crafting the proper title. If you have to lengthen your paper, don’t simply randomly add words or repeat issues you've already stated. It could be helpful to look over your analysis earlier than you start writing, but don’t write immediately out of your research. If you’re looking forwards and backwards between your resources and your paper as you begin writing, it’s simple to repeat concepts with out actually creating your personal work. Check your college library for analysis papers and books on the subject. Look for main sources, such as journals, private data, or contemporary newspaper articles when yow will discover them. Also, avoid tremendous analytical or technical matters that you think you’ll have a hard time writing about (except that’s the task…then jump right into all the technicalities you need). All of papers you get at Payforessay.web are meant for analysis functions only. You may additionally discover that new and nicely-suited ideas occurred to you through the writing of the primary draft â€" nows the time to make them part of the paper. You also can gain inspiration from different research. They can help you seek for resources, join you with consultants within the field your researching, or give you suggestions concerning the direction of your research and writing. If your paper is too lengthy or too brief, nows the time to cut it down or build it up to an appropriate length. Don’t simply delete your conclusion as a result of your paper is too lengthy. Don’t waste your time enjoying with the font measurement and margins to attempt to make your essay longer. If you should take one thing out, what is smart to chop and how are you going to re-organize your paper so that it maintains a powerful construction? Another typically-missed useful resource is the research librarian. Did you realize that, in addition to tons of books and on-line materials, school and university libraries typically have employees whose job it is to help reply your questions? Research librarians focus on research (it'd sound apparent, however take a second to get enthusiastic about how much this might allow you to and your research paper!). These librarians often concentrate on specific fields and subjects, so you may get particular, professional help that pertains to your subject. You’re not writing in a vacuumâ€"you have tutorial support at your fingertips, as well as friends who're in the same boat. Make an appointment with the writing heart to get a semi-professional set of eyes, and had that paper to a good friend for quick notes. Your profs aren’t attempting to bust your chops â€"they’re attempting to streamline the grading course of. Imagine you could have 75 papers to grade written by your 75 college students.

Snowed In at the Fraternity

Snowed In at the Fraternity On Tuesday, January 27th, Snowstorm Juno hit. Classes were cancelled for Tuesday and Wednesday. My Momentum competition was pushed back to Friday (whew! more time to prepare). You saw blizzard coverage on the MIT side from Ceris post IAP Snowmageddon, now heres the coverage from the Boston side of the river as the humble brownstone I call my fraternity home was pelted with snow. Seriously, look at the view from our windows. The snow packed onto the balcony taller than me before we cleared it out. Did you know blustery was a word? I didnt. I got an email from Yelp that said that this was very blustery weather and thought they were making up words to sound cute. But apparently blustery means characterized by strong winds. Try using that word in a sentence today, its fun to say. Its funny. Less than two months ago, the weather was much less a blustery snowstorm and more: This picture was taken on December 1stDecember freaking 1st. Super warm outside. Now, compare it with the picture below taken January 27th: Oh well, winter is crazy, but we were prepared for fun in the snow. With classes cancelled, we spent all day around the house, grilling hot burgers in our basement kitchen, occasionally venturing out into the streets of Boston to take some good snaps. Happy Blizzard from Phi Kappa Sigma! This whole IAP in general has been very productive, especially for me. Spending most of my time at the house, Ive gotten the chance to catch up with my fraternity brothers on how theyre doing and what theyre up to. That got me thinking. Most of the time on this blog I just talk about me, but Im just one undergrad in a sea of four thousand. Even all of us bloggers put together are just a tiny fraction of the wealth of stories, experiences, struggles, and triumphs that can be found from talking to anyone here. Since its my mission to give you as complete a picture of MIT as I can, Im excited that Ill be sharing other peoples experiences in the future with you so that you can get to know them too, not just me. I know that for me, the stories of what my fellow undergrads are doing around me are a testament to the amazing environment of growth MIT is. One example comes from Arman 17 and Rowzay 17. Theyre doing the 6.470/6.148 IAP Web Programming Competition, and the website that gets the most Facebook likes in their tier wins a Webby. Arman and Rowzay made a website that merges typing speed tests with learning geography to create a fun, unique experience. Check out GeographyWPM and vote for them if you like. (And good luck trying to beating my score of 90wpm in Central America!)

The Crucible By William Shakespeare - 1363 Words

Griffin Namin Mrs. Brooky English III Period 3 October 22, 2014 Since the beginning of time people have always been afraid. Afraid of the sun, sharks, bears, snakes, women, men, life, death, divorce, Catholics, Jews, democrats, republicans, Italians, Mexicans, Asians, but the question is not who or what people have been afraid of, the question is why. Why have people been afraid for thousands of years? There is always a reason at the heels of horror, terror and despair. When people fear something or someone, paranoia and hysteria begin to break down the human brain and influence the decisions they make. Throughout history, we as a people have seen the abstraction of fear dominate the masses while at the same time, cultivate hysteria. In â€Å"The Crucible†, neighbors begin to shift on one another and allege individuals they have known for a long time of exercising witchcraft and worshipping Lucifer. The small town of Salem, Massachusetts declines into mass agitation and paranoia, a status in which publicly-wide fear crushe s logic and lone thought which results in advocating its own presence. Dismay feeds anxiety; in order to justify to it why so many individuals are afraid; the neighborhood starts to think that the fear must have real and impressionable origins within the community. As the community begins to realize that the devil is present within their town, they begin to spread rumors, make false statements about one another and most of all accuse anyone even with theShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By William Shakespeare1468 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play The Crucible there are some truly heroic characters who deserve to be admired, and there are other characters who are filled with hubris and an overinflated sense of themselves. Some characters, such as Reverend Parris, care too much about their reputation, and this egotistic attitude can become the cause of their downfall. Others, like John Proctor, are not willing to live anymore because their reputation has been spoiled. And some characters, such as Abigail Williams, are so self-importantRead MoreThe Crucible By William Shakespeare962 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Crucible† is a melancholy story about witchcraft that occurs in the town of Salem, Massachusetts which takes place in 1692. Salem is a very strict, religious Puritan community which does not tolerate any form of non-religious behavior or action. In this Puritan town, a witch hunt ensues after young female members of the community tell multiple lies to their leaders; under those circumstances, many individuals are condemned and hung for these false accusations. It is until one member of thisRead MoreThe Crucible By William Shakespeare1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe title of this book is significant because it has two meanings. One, a crucible is actually a piece of lab equipment that boils to a high temperature and becomes full of violent reactions. That symbolizes what is happening with the people in Salem in this book. The second reason it is signific ant is because a crucible is also known as a test or a trial. We see that often in this book because every one of the accused is put on trial. MAIN CHARACTERS: John Proctor is one of the most important charactersRead MoreThe Crucible By William Shakespeare978 Words   |  4 PagesMJ The Crucible is set in a theocratic society, in which the church and state are one, and the religion is a strict, austere form of protestantism known as puritanism. Because of the theocratic nature of the society, moral laws and state laws are one in the same: sin and the status of an individual’s soul are matters of public concern. There is no room for deviation from social norms, since any individual whose private life doesn’t conform to the established moral laws represents a threat notRead MoreThe Crucible By William Shakespeare1610 Words   |  7 Pageswho eventually set out to kill her. In The Crucible, there were many accusations towards the people of Salem of being a witch or wizard. None of them were true because witches and wizards are not real and therefore, all the accused people, were innocent. They share the same relationship as the victim of this song. I will always love you This song is about how the singer will always love another character no matter what they put them through. In The Crucible, Abigail displays this same trait when sheRead MoreThe Crucible By William Shakespeare904 Words   |  4 Pages The Crucible was based on a Puritan society where religion played as the foundation of everything. Fear was operating in the witchcraft accusations and in the people who lived there. During that time, these fears were masked by anger toward one another. This misplaced anger grew to vengeance and only led to more fear. Throughout the stage play, the Putnam family helped fuel that fear. For their greediness, led to accusations of which craft. From their first child, Anne Putnam had said that RebeccaRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Crucible 1294 Words   |  6 Pagesof them can attain being imprisoned and even when they do battle to determine who wins Emily’s hand that is ultimately left to fate as the gods intervene when Arcite initially wins the bout. They make no attempt, as romantic heroes, to romance the object of their affection. Furthermore, despite the Knight’s tale being a romance, its center is more on the competition between the two men as opposed to the relationship Emily would have with one of them. Chaucer devotes two pages to their argument onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Crucible 913 Words   |  4 Pages Are you in highschool and are going through a rough time. Than you could relate to the book Speak. Speak is about a girl going into highschool with no friends. Not even her friend from junior high, but why. This book takes place at Merryweather High School. It is in the modern day. It takes place somewhere in the United States. It sometimes at Melinda’s house and other places. Melinda Sordino is sweet and nice. She is really quiet and doesn’t speak much. She Doesn’t fit in anywhere and doesn’t haveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Crucible 1735 Words   |  7 Pagessides of the same coin†. That phrase is what Shakespeare personifies through As You Like It, using the play as a means of making an observation on the idea of duality itself. Shakespeare posits that a method of achieving happiness is simply perspective. The ability to see the positive in the negative or in the play, freedom in exile. Rosalind does not see Arden as a curse but as a blessing in disguise, allowing her to take a new outlook at life. Shakespeare s message seems to be that while there areRead MoreThe Tragedy Of William Shakespeare s The Crucible 1038 Words   |  5 PagesAct Three has ended and Elizabeth has been imprisoned for witchcraft soon after the hysteria began. The frigid, unilluminated cell, with its harsh stone-walls surrounds Elizabeth, along side her depressive, lonely thoughts. The only light permitted to enter the claustrophobic room bleeds in through the cracks around the perimeter of the wooden, bolted doorframe. Elizabeth sits hunched over in the farthest corner from the door. Dust covers the useless, ragged blanket that is the only possession she

Physical Security - 2128 Words

Physical Security Table of Contents INTRODUCTION III ELEMENTS AND DESIGN III EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL SECURITY III PHYSICAL SECURITY ELECTRONIC ACCESS III CASINOS AND GAMING III EDUCATION III TRANSPORTATION III Goggle Search iii Dictionary Search iii Introduction This paper examines Physical Security from the perspective of perimeter such as gates/guards, building access controls, room access controls, enforcement options, auditing approaches, risk determination for physical attack vectors, etc. Physical Security describes measures that prevent and/or deter attackers from accessing a facility, resource, or information stored on physical media. It can be as simple as a locked door or as elaborate as multiple†¦show more content†¦2. Mechanical and electronic access control Electronic access control The next layer is mechanical includes gates, doors, and locks. Control of the locks becomes a problem with large user populations and large user turnover. The use of keys can quickly become unmanageable, thus forcing the adoption of electronic access control. The most desirable is Electronic access control which easily manages large user populations, controlling the user lifecycles times, dates, and individual access points. Also, by using an additional sub-layer of mechanical/electronic access control protection one can reach a higher level of security, by integrating a key management system to manage the possession and usage of mechanical keys to locks or property within a building or campus. 3. Intrusion detection The third layer is intrusion detection systems or alarms. Intrusion detection monitors for attacks; it is less of a preventative measure and more of a response measure, despite the fact that some would argue it is a deterrent. Intrusion detection has a high incidence of false alarms and in many jurisdictions, law enforcement will not respond to alarms from intrusion detection systems. 4. Video monitoring Closed-circuit television sign The last layer is video monitoring systems. Like intrusion detection, these are not much of a deterrent. Video monitoring systems are moreShow MoreRelatedPhysical Security Principles958 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical Security Principles Paula L. Jackson CJA/585 June 7, 2010 Professor Brian Kissinger Abstract Physical safety inside and out depends on the type of physical security that is being used by that facility. How well the buildings security system is being implemented can have an impact on the safety of its patrons and other individuals who frequent the building. Physical Security Principles Safety in numbers has always been a deterrent method when leaving or travelingRead MorePhysical Security And Mental Security Essay1740 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction What is physical security? The protection of personnel, hardware, programs, networks, and data from physical circumstances and events that could cause serious losses or damage to an enterprise, agency, or institutions is defined as physical security. This includes protection from fire, natural disasters, burglary, theft, vandalism, and terrorism. Physical security is designed to deny access to unauthorized personnel from physically accessing a building, facility, resource, or storedRead MoreThe Access Control System For Providing Physical Security1305 Words   |  6 PagesTO PROVIDE PHYSICAL SECURITY? Introduction In the present world, the Access Control System is used in all the places where it is intended that a system should allow the authorized persons to get in or leave the facilities as and when required and also to keep a record about these movements. Basically it determines who is allowed to enter or exit; similarly allowed to exit or enter even with the time when they are allowed to enter or exit. In the past, the same job could have been partially doneRead MoreThe Importance of Physical Security1548 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Physical Security * Shontay Clark * University of Phoenix * CJA 585 * Bob Riley * May 2, 2011 The Importance of Physical Security Abstract Understanding the importance of physical security rest in acknowledging the two main elements of security; people, and technology  ( Bitzer [Remove the space after the parenthesis] Hoffman,   n.d.). Physical security consistsRead MorePhysical Security Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesMatthew Benson APS 210 12 April 2013 Writing Assignment #2 Physical Security Technology Selection Introduction. Special Operations Security Solutions has developed a physical security plan at the request of a managing business partner. This Physical Security plan was developed for the safeguarding of information requiring protection in the interests of national security. It primarily pertains to classified national security information, now known as classified information, but also addressesRead MoreComponents of Physical Security3352 Words   |  14 PagesComponents of Physical Security Steven Looney Student ID: 4168626 SCMT397 Physical Security Professor Robert D Baker October 25, 2011 Components of Physical Security In physical security, there is no one measure that can fulfill all security needs for any one facility. Therefore, security measures must be designed in layers. According to Lawrence Fennelly â€Å"physical security is the most fundamental aspect of protection, it is the use of physical controls to protect the premises, site, facilityRead MoreEssay about Physical Security660 Words   |  3 PagesPhysical Security Physical security could be thought of as a very important piece of security. Just because you apply many different policies to have a lockdown on the software environment, it doesn’t mean that people are not able to just go in and inflict damage upon your network. Physical security is the measures to prevent or deter attackers from trying to gain access into the facility. With FTD Enterprises they have none to barely any physical security in place. The most security that theyRead MorePaper on Physical Security4674 Words   |  19 PagesRiordan Manufacturing Service Request SR-rm-013 An important consideration of an information or operating system of a business or organization is to have a security system that protects information, data, and integrity of the company’s sensitive information and records. If a business or company does not have adequate security, financial, sensitive, and classified information may be compromised and prone to possible viruses and malware, hacking, or at risk of a cyber-attack to the company’sRead MoreDefinition Of Physical Security Policy Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical Security Policy 1.0 Purpose The purpose of this policy is to define methods in which WWTC will safeguard against unlawful and unauthorized physical access to its facilities. Additionally, this policy will provide guidance in protecting WWTC facility and assets from fire, flood and other physical threats. 2.0 Scope This policy applies to employees, contractors, consultants, temporaries, and other workers at the World Wide Trading Company, including all personnel affiliated with third partiesRead MorePhysical Security Management ( Mohamed )1790 Words   |  8 PagesPhysical Security Management (Mohamed) Although online businesses conduct majority of their dealings through on an online platform they still require the need to maintain physical security of all the technologies that are responsible for keeping the online platform up and running. Companies such as Google have recognized that passwords and simple bearer tokens such as cookies are not enough to keep information safe, which is why they have suggested technologies such as smartcard-embedded finger

Transfer of Learning Free Essays

Transfer of learning is the study of the dependency of human conduct, learning, or performance on prior experience. The notion was originally introduced as transfer of practice by Edward Thorndike and Robert S. Woodworth. We will write a custom essay sample on Transfer of Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now They explored how individuals would transfer learning in one context to another context that shared similar characteristics – or more formally how â€Å"improvement in one mental function† could influence another related one. Their theory implied that transfer of learning depends on the proportion to which the learning task and the transfer task are similar, or where â€Å"identical elements are concerned in the influencing and influenced function†, now known as identical element theory. Transfer research has since attracted much attention in numerous domains, producing a wealth of empirical findings and theoretical interpretations. However, there remains considerable controversy about how transfer of learning should be conceptualized and explained, what its probability occurrence is, what its relation is to learning in general, or whether it may be said to exist at all. Most discussions of transfer to date can be developed from a common operational definition, describing it as the process and the effective extent to which past experiences (also referred to as the transfer source) affect learning and performance in a current novel situation (the transfer target) (Ellis, 1965; Woodworth, 1938). This, however, is usually where the general consensus between various research approaches ends. Transfer taxonomies Of the various attempts to delineate transfer, typological and taxonomic approaches belong to the more common ones (see, e. g. , Barnett Ceci, 2002; Butterfield, 1988; Detterman, 1993; Gagne, 1977; Reeves Weisberg, 1994; Salomon Perkins, 1989; Singley Anderson, 1989). Taxonomies are concerned with distinguishing different types of transfer, and therefore less involved with labeling the actual vehicle of transfer, i. e. , what is the explanatory mental unit of transfer that is carried over. Hence, a key problem with many transfer taxonomies is that they offer an excessive number of labels for different types of transfer without engaging in a discussion of the underlying concepts that would justify their distinction; i. e. , similarity and the nature of transferred information. This makes it very difficult to appreciate the internal validity of the models. The following table presents different types of transfer, as adapted from Schunk (2004, p. 220). TypeCharacteristics NearOverlap between situations, original and transfer contexts are similar. FarLittle overlap between situations, original and transfer settings are dissimilar. PositiveWhat is learned in one context enhances learning in a different setting. NegativeWhat is learned in one context hinders or delays learning in a different setting. VerticalKnowledge of a previous topic is essential to acquire new knowledge. HorizontalKnowledge of a previous topic is not essential but helpful to learn a new topic. LiteralIntact knowledge transfers to new task. FiguralUse some aspect of general knowledge to think or learn about a problem. Low RoadTransfer of well-established skills in almost automatic fashion. High RoadTransfer involves abstraction so conscious formulations of connections between contexts. High Road/Forward ReachingAbstracting situations from a learning context to a potential transfer context. High Road/Backward ReachingAbstracting in the transfer context features of a previous situation where new skills and knowledge were learned. Apart from the effect-based distinction between negative and positive transfer, taxonomies have largely been constructed along two, mostly tacit, dimensions. One concerns the predicted relationship between the primary and secondary learning situation in terms of the categorical overlap of features and knowledge specificity constraints. The other concerns general assumptions about how transfer relationships are established, in terms of mental effort and cognitive process. The effect-perspective: positive vs. negative transfer Starting by looking at the effect side of transfer – in terms of the common performance criteria, speed and accuracy – transfer theories distinguish between two broad classes that underlie all other classifications: negative andpositive transfer. Negative transfer refers to the impairment of current learning and performance due to the application of non-adaptive or inappropriate information or behavior. Therefore, negative transfer is a type of interference effect of prior experience causing a slow-down in learning, completion or solving of a new task when compared to the performance of a hypothetical control group with no respective prior experience. Positive transfer, in contrast, emphasizes the beneficial effects of prior experience on current thinking and action. It is important to understand that the positive and negative effects of transfer are not mutually exclusive, and therefore real-life transfer effects are probably mostly a mixture of both. Positive transfer: transfer of learning or training is said to be positive when the learning or training carried out in one situation proves helpful to learning in another situation. Examples of such transfer are: †¢the knowledge and skills related to school mathematics help in the learning of statistical computation; †¢the knowledge and skills acquired in terms of addition and subtraction in mathematics in school may help a child in the acquisition of knowledge and skills regarding multiplication and division; †¢learning to play badminton may help an individual to play ping pong (table tennis) and lawn tennis. The situation perspective: specific vs. general, near vs. far transfer The situation-driven perspective on transfer taxonomies is concerned with describing the relation between transfer source (i. e. , the prior experience) and transfer target (i. e. , the novel situation). In other words, the notion of novelty of the target situation per se is worthless without specifying the degree of novelty in relation to something that existed before. Butterfield and Nelson (1991), for example, distinguish between within-task, across-task, and inventive transfer. A similar classification approach reappears in many situation-driven transfer taxonomies (e. g. , similar vs. different situations, example-to-principle and vice versa, simple-to-complex and vice versa) and can be noted as distinctions made along the specific vs. general dimension. Mayer and Wittrock (1996, pp. 49ff. ) discuss transfer under the labels of general â€Å"transfer of general skill† (e. g. , â€Å"Formal Discipline†, Binet, 1899), â€Å"specific transfer of specific skill† (e. g. , Thorndike’s, 1924a, b, â€Å"identical elements† theory), â€Å"specific transfer of general skill† (e. g. Gestaltists’ transfer theory, see origins with Judd, 1908), and â€Å"meta-cognitive control of general and specific skills† as a sort of combination of the previous three views (see, e. g. , Brown, 1989). Haskell’s (2001) taxonomy proposes a more gradual scheme of similarity between tasks and situations. It distinguishes betw een non-specific transfer (i. e. , the constructivist idea that all learning builds on present knowledge), application transfer (i. e. , the retrieval and use of knowledge on a previously learned task), context transfer (actually meaning context-free transfer between similar tasks), near vs. ar transfer, and finally displacement or creative transfer (i. e. , an inventive or analytic type of transfer that refers to the creation of a new solution during problem solving as a result of a synthesis of past and current learning experiences). Both near and far transfer are widely used terms in the literature. The former refers to transfer of learning when task and/or context change slightly but remain largely similar, the latter to the application of learning experiences to related but largely dissimilar problems. The process perspective The specific vs. general dimension applies not just to the focus on the relation between source and target, i. e. , from where to where is transferred, but also to the question about the transfer process itself, i. e. , what is transferred and how. Reproductive vs. productive transfer (see Robertson, 2001) are good examples of this type of distinction, whereas reproductive transfer refers to the simple application of knowledge to a novel task, productive transfer implies adaptation; i. e. mutation and enhancement of retained information. A similar dichotomous distinction is the one between knowledge transfer and problem-solving transfer (Mayer Wittrock, 1996). Knowledge transfer takes place when knowing something after learning task A facilitates or interferes with the learning process or performance in task B. Knowledge used is referred to by many different terms, such as declarative or procedural types (Anderson, 1976), but it means that there are representational elements that suit A and B. Problem solving transfer, on the other hand, is described as somewhat more â€Å"fluid knowledge† transfer, so that experience in solving a problem A helps finding a solution to problem B. This can mean that the two problems share little in terms of specific declarative knowledge entities or procedures, but call for a similar approach, or solution search strategies (e. g. , heuristics and problem solving methods). The issues discussed in problem-solving transfer literature are also closely related to the concepts of strategic and theoretic transfer (Haskell, 2001, p. 31), and cognitive research on analogical reasoning, rule-based thinking and meta-cognition. Indeed, far transfer can be considered as the prototypical type of transfer, and it is closely related to the study of analogical reasoning (see also Barnett Ceci, 2002, for a taxonomy of far transfer). Within the problem-solving literature the distinction between specific and general methods is made mostly with reference to Newell and Simon’s (1972) strong vs. weak problem solving methods (Chi, Glaser Farr, 1988; Ericsson Smith, 1991; Singley Anderson, 1989; Sternberg Frensch, 1991). Another concern that is frequently addressed in transfer taxonomies is the question of conscious effort. High-road vs. low-road transfer (Mayer Wittrock, 1996; Salomon Perkins, 1989) expresses a distinction between such instances of transfer where active retrieval, mapping, and inference processes take place, as opposed to those instances that occur rather spontaneously or automatically. Hence, low-road transfer concerns frequently employed mental representations and automated, proceduralized knowledge, and occurs preferably in near transfer settings. In contrast, high-road transfer is more conception-driven, and requires cognitive and meta-cognitive effort. Traditional fields of transfer research There are a nearly unlimited number of research fields that share some applied interest into the study of transfer, as it pertains to learning in general. Three fields that contributed in most substantial ways to the progress of transfer research, both from a conception and empirical point of view, are the fields of education science, linguistics, and human-computer interaction (HCI). In fact, most transfer research has been conducted in reference to one of these applied settings, rather than in basic cognitive psychological laboratory conditions. Education science: teaching for transfer Due to their core concern with learning, educational science and practice are the classic fields of interest regarding transfer research, and probably the prime target for the application of theories. Transfer of learning represents much of the very basis of the educational purpose itself. What is learned inside one classroom about a certain subject should aid in the attainment of related goals in other classroom settings, and beyond that it should be applicable to the student’s developmental tasks outside the school; the need for transfer becomes more accentuated. This is because the world educators teach in today is different from the world they themselves experienced as students, and differs equally from the one their students will have to cope with in the future. By nature of their applied interest, educationalists’ main concern has been less with the question of how transfer takes place, and much more with under what conditions, or, that it happens at all. The basic conviction that student’s learning and achievement levels depend primarily on learning and achievement prerequisites, has constituted a central part in educational learning theories for quite some time (Gage Berliner, 1983; Glaser, 984). The major focus in educational transfer studies has, therefore, been on what kind of initial learning enables subsequent transfer: teaching for transfer. Research on learning and transfer has identified key characteristics with implications for educational practice. From Formal Discipline to meta-cognition Educational transfer pa radigms have been changing quite radically over the last one hundred years. According to the doctrinaire beliefs of the Formal Discipline (Binet, 1899) transfer was initially viewed as a kind of global spread of capabilities accomplished by training basic mental faculties (e. g. , logic, attention, memory) in the exercise of suitable subjects, such as Latin or geometry. With the turn of the 20th century, learning, and therefore transfer of learning, was increasingly captured in behavioral and empiricist terms, as in the Connectionist and Associationist theories of Thorndike (e. g. , 1932), Guthrie (e. g. , 1935), Hull (e. g. , 1943), and Skinner (e. g. , 1938). Thorndike (1923, 1924a and b) attacked the Formal Discipline empirically and theoretically and introduced the theory of â€Å"identical elements†, which is probably still today the most influential conception about transfer (Thorndike, 1906; Thorndike Woodworth, 1901a, b and c). Thorndike’s belief that transfer of learning occurs when learning source and learning target share common stimulus-response elements prompted calls for a hierarchical curricular structure in education. â€Å"Lower† and specific skills should be learned before more complex skills, which were presumed to consist largely of configuration of basic skills. This small-to-large learning, also referred to as part-to-whole or vertical transfer, has been popular with theories of learning hierarchies (Gagne, 1968). It has later been challenged from conceptualistic point of views, which argue that learning is not just an accumulation of pieces of knowledge (i. e. , rote memorization), but rather a process and product of active construction of cognitive knowledge structures (Bruner, 1986; Bruner, Goodnow Austin, 1956). Knowledge, from a constructivist perspective, was no more believed to be a simple transfer by generalization to all kinds of situations and tasks that contain similar components (i. . , stimulus-response patterns; see also Logan, 1988; Meyers Fisk, 1987; Osgood, 1949; Pavlov, 1927). The critical issue was the identification of similarities in general principles and concepts behind the facades of two dissimilar problems; i. e. , transfer by insight. This idea became popular in the Gestaltists’ view on transfer (e. g. , K atona, 1940), and, in combination with growing interest in learners as self activated problem-solvers (Bruner, 1986), encouraged the search for abstract problem-solving methods and mental schemata, which serve as analogy-enhancing transfer-bridges between different task situations. Emerging from these developments, a new theme started to dominate educationalists’ research in transfer: meta-cognition (Brown, 1978; Brown Campione, 1981; Campione Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1976). In contrast to classical knowledge forms like declarative and procedural knowledge, different types of meta-knowledge and meta-cognitive skills such as strategic knowledge, heuristics, self-monitoring skills, and self-regulation quickly became the road to learning and transfer. Characterized as self-conscious management and organization of acquired knowledge (Brown, 1987) it is evident that meta-cognitive awareness of task features, problem structures, and solution methods makes relations between different situations cognitively salient: only an individual who learns from learning, learns for future learning. Soini (1999) developed on the same core ideas an examination of the preconditions for active transfer. Her emphasis is on the active and self-reflected management of knowledge to increase its accessibility. To some researchers, meta-cognition and transfer have become so entangled that the argument was generated that only the measurement of positive transfer effects truly supports inferences that meta-cognitive learning has taken place (e. g. MacLeod, Butler Syer, 1996). The generality predicament: return to the specificity view Ever since the introduction of the meta-knowledge theme in education science, transfer discussions have been oscillating between the position taken by those representing the meta-cognitive view and those who stress that generic knowledge forms alone do not allow an effective transfer of learning. When knowledge stays â€Å"on the tip of the tongue†, just knowing that one knows a solution to a problem, without being able to transfer specific declarative knowledge (i. e. , know-what) or automated procedural knowledge (i. e. , know-how), does not suffice. Specific teaching of the cognitive and behavioral requisites for transfer marked in principle a return to the identical element view, and can be summarized with Dettermann’s (1993) conclusion that transfer does not substantially go beyond the restricted boundaries of what has been specifically taught and learned. The basic transfer paradigms in educational psychology keep replicating themselves, and fundamental promotion of transfer itself is seen to be achievable through sensibilization of students by creating a general culture and â€Å"a spirit of transfer† inside the classroom on the one hand, and by allowing concrete learning from transfer models on the other (Haskell, 2001). Learning and transfer: implications for educational practice A modern view of transfer in the context of educational practice shows little need to distinguish between the general and specific paradigms, recognizing the role of both identical elements and metacognition. In this view, the work of Bransford, Brown and Cocking (1999) identified four key characteristics of learning as applied to transfer. They are: 1. The necessity of initial learning; 2. The importance of abstract and contextual knowledge; 3. The conception of learning as an active and dynamic process; and 4. The notion that all learning is transfer. First, the necessity of initial learning for transfer specifies that mere exposure or memorization is not learning; there must be understanding. Learning as understanding takes time, such that expertise with deep, organized knowledge improves transfer. Teaching that emphasizes how to use knowledge or that improves motivation should enhance transfer. Second, while knowledge anchored in context is important for initial learning, it is also inflexible without some level of abstraction that goes beyond the context. Practices to improve transfer include having students specify connections across multiple contexts or having them develop general solutions and strategies that would apply beyond a single-context case. Third, learning should be considered an active and dynamic process, not a static product. Instead of one-shot tests that follow learning tasks, students can improve transfer by engaging in assessments that extend beyond current abilities. Improving transfer in this way requires instructor prompts to assist students – such as dynamic assessments – or student development of metacognitive skills without prompting. Finally, the fourth characteristic defines all learning as transfer. New learning builds on previous learning, which implies that teachers can facilitate transfer by activating what students know and by making their thinking visible. This includes addressing student misconceptions and recognizing cultural behaviors that students bring to learning situations. A student-learning centered view of transfer embodies these four characteristics. With this conception, teachers can help students transfer learning not just between contexts in academics, but also to common home, work, or community environments. Inter-language transfer Another traditional field of applied research is inter-language transfer. Here, the central questions were: how does learning one language (L1) facilitate or interfere (Weinreich, 1953) with the acquisition of and proficiency in a second language (L2), and how does the training and use of L2, in turn, affect L1? Several variations of this conception of inter-language transfer can be found in the literature, also referred to as mother tongue influence or cross language interference (Corder, 1983, 1994; Faerch Kasper, 1987; Jiang Kuehn, 2001; Odlin, 1989; O’Malley nd Chamot, 1990). What makes inter-language transfer a complex and valuable research matter is the fact that language knowledge skills continuously develop. This is so for L1, as well as for L2, when only bilingualism is considered, while alternately at least one of them is continuously in use. This has led to the development of very different models of how languages are mentally represented and managed, with L1 and L2 seen as two independent or autonomous mental systems (e. g. Genesee, 1989; Grosjean, 1989), as being represented in a single unified system (e. g. Redlinger Park, 1980; Swain, 1977), and as rooting in a common underlying, multi-lingual conceptual base (CUCB; see Kecskes Papp, 2000). Human-Computer Interaction: designing for transfer A third research area that has produced a variety of transfer models and empirical results can be located within the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). With the start of the user age in the 1980s, HCI and all kinds of virtual environments have, in many ways, become something like psychological micro-worlds for cognitive research. This is naturally also reflected in the study of transfer. Developments in favor of cognitive approaches to transfer research were especially accelerated by rapid changes in modern lifestyles, resulting in a virtual upsurge of cognitive demands in interaction with technology. Thus, the call was on clearly domain-focused cognitive models to study the way users learn and perform when interacting with information technological systems (Card, Moran Newell, 1980a and b, 1983; Olson Olson, 1990; Payne Green, 1986; Polson, 1987, 1988). Transfer based on the user complexity theory Thorough investigations of cognitive skills involved in HCI tasks have their origins with the research on text editing (e. . , Kieras Polson, 1982, 1985; Singley Anderson, 1985). The offspring of this type of research were computational cognitive models and architectures of various degrees of sophistication, suitable for all kinds of man-machine interaction studies, as well as studies outside of the HCI domain. The original examples for these have become Kieras and Po lson’s (1985) user complexity theory (later rephrased as cognitive complexity theory) and the GOMS family (i. e. , Goals, Operators, Methods, Selection) rules based on the Model Human Processor framework (Card et al. , 1980a and b, 1983; John Kieras, 1996a and b). All of these models have their roots in the basic principles of production systems and can be comprehended with the help of ends-means-selections and If-Then-rules, combined with the necessary declarative and procedural knowledge (Anderson, 1995; Newell Simon, 1972). The crucial perspective for transfer became that of technology design. By applying cognitive models, scientists and practitioners aimed at minimizing the amount and complexity of new knowledge necessary to understand and perform tasks on a device, without trading off too much utility value (Polson Lewis, 1990). A key responsibility was given to skill and knowledge transfer. Due to the fact that the cognitive complexity theory is a psychological theory of transfer applied to HCI (Bovair, Kieras, Polson, 1990; Polson Kieras, 1985), the central question was how these models, united under the GOMS umbrella, can be used to explain and predict transfer of learning. The basic transfer-relevant assumptions of the emerging models were that production rules are cognitive units, they are all equally difficult to learn, and that learned rules can be transferred to a new task without any cost. Because learning time for any task is seen as a function of the number of new rules that the user must learn, total learning time is directly reduced by inclusion of productions the user is already familiar with. The basic message of the cognitive complexity theory is to conceptualize and induce transfer from one system to another by function of shared production rules, which is a new interpretation of Thorndike’s (1923, 1924a and b) identical element premise and eventually echoed in Singley and Anderson’s (1989) theory of transfer (Bovair et al. 1990; Kieras Bovair, 1986; Polson Kieras, 1985; Polson, Muncher Engelbeck, 1986). A practical implication of the procedural communality principle has been formulated by Lewis and Rieman (1993), who suggest something like â€Å"transfer of design† on the side of the industry: â€Å"You should find existing interfaces that work for users and then build ideas from those interfaces into your systems as much as practicall y and legally possible. † Emergence of holistic views of use Discouraged by the confined character of the GOMS-related transfer models, many research groups began to import and advance new concepts, such as schemata principles and general methods; a general development encouraged by the emerging cognitive approach to transfer that was also witnessed by other applied fields. Bhavnani and John (2000) analyzed different computer applications and strived to identify such user strategies (i. e. , general methods to perform a certain task), which generalize across three distinct computer domains (word processor, spreadsheet, and CAD). Their conclusive argument is that â€Å"strategy-conducive systems could facilitate the transfer of knowledge† (p. 338). Other research groups’ authors that assessed the questions about how people learn in interaction with information systems, evaluated the usefulness of metaphors and how these should be taken into consideration when designing for exploratory environments (e. g. Baecker, Grudin, Buxton, Greenberg, 1995; Carroll Mack, 1985, Condon, 1999). As researchers became increasingly interested in the quality of a user’s knowledge representation (e. g. , Gott, Hall, Pokorny, Dibble, Glaser, 1993), mental models and adaptive expertise, as knowledge and skills which generalizes across different contexts of complex problem-solving tasks, became of paramount concern (Gentner Stevens, 1983; Gott, 1989; Kieras Bovair, 1984). In contrast to the knowledge of strategies (Bhavnani John, 2000), the accentuation shifted towards strategic knowledge (Gott et al. 1993). Gott et al. demonstrated that surface similarities between different technical domains alone did not essentially facilitate transfer of learning because they limited the user’s flexibility in the adaptation process. In accordance with the ideas of schema-based and meta-cognitive transfer, the authors further formulated that â€Å"robust performance is one in which procedural steps are not just naked, rule-based actions, but instead are supported by explanatio ns that perform like theories to enable adaptiveness† (p. 60). Gott et al. (1993) finally noted that mental models might be powerful instruments to analyze similarities between tasks as represented within a formulated cognitive architecture. However, they do not explain what particular similarities and differences are sufficiently salient from the individual’s mental point of view to affect transfer of learning, nor can they predict motivational or emotional conditions of transfer that are essential requisites for every learning process. How to cite Transfer of Learning, Essay examples Transfer of Learning Free Essays 1. Introduction Transportation of Learning â€Å" That about charming nexus between schoolroom public presentation and something which is supposed to go on in the existent universe † – J. M. We will write a custom essay sample on Transfer of Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Swinney. ( Everett, 2010 ) Transportation of larning occurs when larning in one context or with one set of stuffs impacts on public presentation in another context or with other related stuffs. It is the application of cognition, attitudes and accomplishments acquired in a course of study at a university ( Perkins, 1992 ) . Transportation of larning occurs when larning in one context enhances ( positive transportation ) or undermines ( negative transportation ) a related public presentation in another context. Transfer includes near transportation ( to closely related contexts and public presentations ) and far transportation ( to instead different contexts and public presentations ) . ( Perkins, 1992 ) . One of the major constructs in instruction and larning theory is the transportation of larning construct. Typically the ultimate contexts of application ( occupation, calling ) diverge conspicuously from the context of larning ( schoolrooms, exercising books, trials, simple streamlined undertakings ) . As a consequence, the concluding ends of instruction are non realized unless transportation occurs. Furthermore, transportation of knowledge/learning can non be taken for granted ; as it is shown in assorted surveies were frequently the hoped transportation from larning experiences did non happen ( Perkins, 1992 ) . In add-on, for bettering instruction non merely this transportation of larning construct is of importance but besides the development of the teaching staff is indispensable The subject of this survey is to look into if instructors within the module of wellness medical specialty and life scientific disciplines ( FHML ) of the University of Maastricht besides are cognizant of this â€Å"transfer of learning† . Additionally, I would wish to look into if the instructor has a certain scheme refering transportation of acquisition and is portion of a professional development plan to better the instruction aka the transportation of cognition / acquisition. 2. Description of the instructor. Dr. Herman Popeijus, is learning for approximately 4 at the University of Maastricht. He is chiefly learning first twelvemonth pupils, because since a twelvemonth he is the unit coordinator of the 2nd unit in the first twelvemonth of Health Sciences at the FHML. Furthermore he is involved in other units as a coach or as a accomplishments ( or practical ) trainer, although this is more in the course of study of Bio Medical Life Sciences at the FHML. In his function as unit coordinator, Herman, is involved in all facets of instruction, giving talks, steering workgroups and helping accomplishments developing for the first twelvemonth pupils. This interview was held Thursday, 25-03-2010, from 14:00 – 14:20 in the office of the interviewer. The interview was held in Dutch and taped utilizing a digital voice recording equipment. To hold a more natural treatment about the instruction methods and to bury about the voice recording equipment, the first 5 proceedingss of the interview were about day-to-day topics. Although the interviewer had some inquiries prepared as a guideline to direct the interview. An English interlingual rendition of the transcript is given in appendix A. 3. Analysis No one method of content analysis can be used for all types of interview informations. Contented analysis is a widely used qualitative research technique. Rather than being a individual method, current applications of content analysis show three distinguishable attacks: conventional, directed, or summational ( Hsieh A ; Shannon, 2005 ) . These attacks are used to construe significance from the content of text informations or transcript informations of an interview. In conventional content analysis, coding classs are derived straight from the text informations. With a directed attack, analysis starts with a theory or relevant research findings as counsel for initial codifications. A summational content analysis involves numbering and comparings, normally of keywords or content, followed by the reading of the underlying context. In this paper I choose the directed attack, with counsel for initial codifications. The focal point of the analysis is to look for schemes and for indicant of transportation of cognition by the instructor. The undermentioned codes/chategories were chosen: 1. Personal engagement in learning ; 2. Problems identified by the instructor ; 3. Solutions to the jobs ; 4. Professional development. 4. Consequences4.1. Personal engagement in learning The instructor gave multiple statements about this subject, as he is a unit coordinator his personal engagement in instruction is really profound. Due to this function, he is besides really involved in the content and may experience responsible for the result, ( e.g. class of his pupils ) . Therefore he is really focussed on transportation of cognition. He is besides cognizant of he ‘s possible short approachs, and is interested in the sentiments of the pupils about his instruction method. He tries to look into if transportation of cognition has occurred, coming back in his coach group on the subject, besides repeat indispensable stairss once more at the terminal of the coach group, or inquiring directed inquiry during his talks. 4.2. Problems identified by the instructor Although, the instructor mentioned that there are several hard subjects or constructs in his unit, merely one illustration was given, but this was discussed extensively. Furthermore, he was cognizant that these jobs may besides be due to the fact that a big portion of the pupils have no anterior cognition of biological science and that biological science is cardinal for this unit in which he is the unit coordinator. 4.3. Solutions to the jobs The chief focal point on work outing the jobs or job discussed was the usage of new electronic AIDSs. Such as available alive films, which are demoing these new constructs or jobs in great item. It has to be noted that the instructor was cognizant of the defects of this solution. However, the instructor did non advert other options, such as analogies which may be used alternatively every bit good. 4.4. Professional development It became clear from the interview that there is some kind of professional development plan available at his organisation, but so far he has non got any rating. The instructor feels this deficiency of aid a great girl. Although he mention that he took action on this point on his ain, by delegating to a specific instruction class, which is provide by his organisation. The instructor is really focused on the results from the pupils, and besides gives great value to the ratings from the pupils, even though these are most in paper formats and non unwritten. 5. Conclusion/Advice to the instructor Dr. H. Popeijus ( HP ) has a clear position on his unit and what are the jobs within this unit, as became clear that for his unit some biological science background is necessary. His consciousness on instruction is really unfastened and modern ; he is integrating new techniques or characteristics in his talks. He is unfastened for the sentiments of the pupils and is clearly involved in transportation of cognition or acquisition, even though he might non be cognizant of this. From assorted surveies is known that the attending span of pupils is limited in the context of long talks. The â€Å"information transfer† theoretical account of the traditional talks does non fit what current cognitive scientific discipline research tells us of human acquisition ( Middendorf, 1996 ) . So by utilizing extra tools HP is seeking to act upon the information transportation during his talks. He besides mentions that he is cognizant of the drawback of utilizing alive films in his talks. However, with consciousness of the possible drawbacks of the big format, talks can be used as valuable tools for larning besides in a PBL course of study ( Fyrenius, Bergdahl, A ; Silen, 2005 ) . Furthermore, it might besides be helpful to utilize analogies next to alive films because it can assist pupils to utilize the information they already understand to develop an apprehension of new constructs. Analogies are comparings between two spheres that are neither, wholly similar nor w holly different. These comparings are used to advance transportation of information from one specific job to another peculiar job ( MaryKay A ; George, 2006 ) . Due to the fact that some pupils lack the biological science background it may useful to utilize analogies which domain is non in biological science but in another more basic field ( eg. Book with chapters as an analogy for DNA codification with cistrons ) . To better instruction or the instruction by staff members a high-quality professional development constituent would be of great value to the administration every bit good as add-on to the professional development of HP. â€Å"It is good recognized by policymakers that schools can be no better than the instructors and decision makers who work within them† ( Guskey, 2002 ) . It is good known that staff members or module members are passionate about their discipline/profession. They are besides really acute to reassign their cognition and the significance of this cognition to their pupils. Regardless of these good purposes, they may be so occupied with covering the capable affair that they lose path of how much of that stuff truly gets conveyed ( Montgomery, 1998 ) . It is hence that there are good developmental plans inside the institute or university to develop and alter the manner the instructors work. For most instructors, to go a better instructor means heightening pupils la rning results ( Guskey, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to the theoretical account from Guskey, of import alteration in instructors ‘ mentalities take topographic point after the instructors ‘ see grounds of betterments in pupil acquisition. When instructors have used new instructional attacks, or utilizing new stuff these betterments may happen. It is hence that there is a good ratings system for the instructors non merely on the degree of pupils outcome but besides on the public presentation as a instructor ego. An advice to HP is to seek such rating and counsel from his ain institute or administration. In drumhead the advice to HP is, maintain up with the new inventions in your talks, but besides seek to utilize analogies to clear up some hard jobs and seek to happen out if the university has some teacher staff development plans to better the instruction. How to cite Transfer of Learning, Essay examples