European Colonization Effects - 1222 Words

In the past, European countries came to the Americas looking to build their empire and gain power. They were competing to be the most powerful country and improve their economic lives. In the drive to be the most powerful European country, they started colonizing the Americas. The effects of colonization were reflected in different groups of people. Some effects were bad and some ere good. There are different perspectives about colonization. Some people think that the colonization was a great event that happened to the Americans and Europeans. However, as Murrin’s article states and in my opinion the European colonies in the Americas were not completely positive development and affected them in various ways. Colonization was almost a†¦show more content†¦70.) â€Å"England established its first permanent colony on the Atlantic seaboard of North America at Jamestown in 1607.† (Early American Slavery in the Colonies†¦, 2007) Colonists were looking for peopl e to work on their farms. It emerged in Virginia and some British colonies; they desired a labor force that could operate the agricultural demands, tobacco at that time. Those servants could complete their term, be freed and own some land. In 1619, African slavery was introduced into the British colonies by the Dutch. African immigrants did not come voluntarily. Slaves suffered a lot with the creation of colonies because they were similar to servants, but they did not receive a payment and they did not have â€Å"freedom dues†;their term would never end and they could not own land. Colonists also forced the slaves to become Christians even though that did not change their status. They threatened their liberty. African Slaves were treated with racism. Another of the groups that suffered the colonization era were the Indians. â€Å"The settlers arrived on the East Coast of North America.† (Learning English, 2012.) When colonists arrived in the Americas, they thought abou t the Indians as an inferior race. As Columbus states in his journal, â€Å"They should be good and intelligent servants, for I see that they say very quicklyShow MoreRelatedLasting Effects of European Colonization on Native American Indians.1047 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Colonisation on North American Indians Since the Europeans set foot on North American soil in 1620,they have had a devastating effect on the native population. I will be discussing the long term effect of North American colonisation on the Native Americans, focusing on such issues as employment opportunities, the environment, culture and traditions, health, as well as social justice. I will begin with the important issue of employment opportunities. The unemployment rate forRead MoreThe Effects Of European Colonization2048 Words   |  9 PagesThe effects of European colonization can still be seen today. It can be seen physically in the landscapes of the islands of the Caribbean, and mentally it is still present in some of the inhabitant’s minds. Political struggles should not be ignored as well as many islands have struggled since their independence. Today when many Europeans look back at the peak of their country’s empires they see the Caribbean as a contributing factor. While there is no question as to the wealth generated by the controlRead MoreLong-term Effects of European Colonization on Africa Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesAfrica has had a long and tumultuous road of colonization and decolonization the rush to colonize Africa started in the 17th century with the discovery of the vast amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber with colonization hitting a fever pitch during World War I. However, the repercussions of colonization have left deep wounds that still remain unhealed in the 21st century. Early on, European nations such as Britain, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany and Belgium scrambled for territories. CountriesRead MoreCulture Is A Common Way Of Life Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesFamily background and individual experiences also contribute to these differences. These lead to differences in practices, beliefs and expectations from each other. The purpose of this essay is to establish how the differences in Native Americans, Europeans and Africans leave each both prepared and unprepared for contact with each other. It will explore the challenges they face as well as the positive and negative outcomes of this contact. Native americans Their cultures were matrilineal and theirRead More Native Peoples in New England Essay example1579 Words   |  7 Pagesgathering nuts and berries. Sustained contact with Europeans beginning in the fifteenth century subjected lifeways established over centuries or even millennia to severe stress. Native Americans have struggled over the last several centuries to retain and sustain their relationship with the land in the face of changing economic relations, rapidly changing political alliances, demographic catastrophe, and warfare. Much of the early contact between Europeans and Native peoples revolved around trade. ByRead MoreAnalyzing The Light And The Glory1725 Words   |  7 Pagesfails to pique the interest of its readers. A number of historical events further The Light and the Glory’s thesis. Beginning chronologically, the authors open with the tales of renowned Spanish explorer, Christopher Columbus. On account of the European explorers of the New World and their respective accounts of exploration, Columbus single-handedly facilitated the journey to America. In his personal writings that Marshall and Manuel studied, they determined that Columbus was convinced he was â€Å"theRead MoreSlavery And Its Impact On The United States Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pagesthe â€Å"New World.† From a footnote in American history of little consequence until the cotton fields of the antebellum South, it has evolved into a study that now sees the institution as the most significant element in the colonization and exploitation of this hemisphere by Europeans. It also acknowledges the participation of Africans and the Amerindians in this process and furthermore sees it as essential to its occurrence. The added significance of the Atlantic system has created a more compellingRead MoreAmerican Colonies : The Settling Of North America902 Words   |  4 Pagesanalysis. The Indians and slaves have recently been noted as a more crucial part of history than previously accredited with. 2. European exploration, in its entirety, is a complex subject with many causes and effects. In the attempt to break away from their previous home, colonists experienced a novel mixing of a variety of life, people plants and animals included. Africans, Europeans, and Indians all became acquainted in a new medley of a society. Each group, all with a unique cultural background, foundRead MoreEcological Change in New England under Native Americans and Colonists1621 Words   |  7 Pagesthe changes in the New England environment under the stewardship of Native Americans and European colonist in Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. Cronon’s work expounds on the ecological impacts of the colonization of New England, and he accomplishes this by frequently comparing and contrasting the radically differing ecological policies of Native Americans and the European colonists who co-habited the same land in an uneasy existence (xvi). The differences inR ead MoreEffects Of Colonialism On Native Peoples1072 Words   |  5 Pages The Effects of Colonialism on Native Peoples Colonialism has had major effects on different countries throughout the years. Europeans were a major cause of these horrid events. Colonization will cause a country to lose the culture they have developed and will strip the natives of their souls. As you read through this paper, you will discover the true horror of what colonialism is and how it strips the souls of the people in it. Stripping the Souls of the Natives It is known that invading a country

Strictly Ballroom Free Essays

string(67) " representation of industry experienced a revival of its fortunes\." Study Guide Strictly Ballroom fiieducation SYNOPSIS At the Waratah Championships ballroom dancer Scott Hastings goes against Federation rules and impulsively dances his own steps, causing partner Liz Holt to dump him. Then Fran, ugly duckling of the beginners’ class, offers to be Scott’s new partner. Initially sceptical, he is persuaded by her ideas, and together they plan to dance their own steps at the Pan-Pacific Grand Prix Championships. We will write a custom essay sample on Strictly Ballroom or any similar topic only for you Order Now But Scott’s rebelliousness does not go unchallenged. His mother Shirley and coach Les Kendall try various ways to prevent Scott from dancing with Fran, while corrupt President Barry Fife plots Scott’s downfall by concocting a story about his parents’ dancing career that will convince him to compete at the Pan-Pacifics without Fran. All seems lost until Scott’s father Doug reveals the truth. With Barry Fife’s desperate attempts at sabotage having little effect, Scott and Fran complete their spectacular dance to rapturous applause from the crowd. Everyone takes to the dance floor in celebration. CAST Scott Hastings Fran Barry Fife Doug Hastings Shirley Hastings Liz Holt Les Rico Ya Ya Paul Mercurio Tara Morice Bill Hunter Barry Otto Pat Thomson Gia Carides Peter Whitford Antonio Vargas Armonia Benedito Ken Railings Tina Sparkle Charm Leachman Wayne Burns John Hannan Sonia Kruger Kris McQuade Pip Mushin Vanessa Cronin Kylie Luke Leonie Page Lauren Hewett Steve Grace CREDITS Director Producer Screenplay Baz Luhrmann Tristram Miall Baz Luhrmann and Running Time Craig Pearce 94 Minutes CONTENTS Introduction 4 Images of Australia 5 Baz Luhrmann’s Vision 7 The World of the Film 10 Hero, Heroine, Villain 14 APPENDICES A – Baz Luhrmann interview 18 B – Tristram Miall interview 20 C – Sequences for study 22 D – Key moments 23 E – Film language 24 F – Filmography 25 INTRODUCTION Australian director Baz Luhrmann’s flamboyant and colourful debut feature Strictly Ballroom (1992) opens with a theatrical swish of red velvet curtains and leads us into the larger-thanlife world of competitive ballroom dancing. It tells the story of Scott and Fran, who rebel against Dance Federation rules in order to dance their own steps. The film is the first in Baz Luhrmann’s ‘red curtain’ film trilogy, and can also be described as a combination of the following: a fairy tale, a romantic comedy, a dance musical, even a satire. This study guide is aimed at teachers who are teaching the film as a comparative text in the Leaving Certificate English syllabus. As well as sections relevant to modes of comparison such as The World of the Film, (for Cultural Context/Social Setting) and Hero, Heroine, Villain, a central feature of the study guide is our exclusive interview with director Baz Luhrmann. He discusses his artistic vision and defines red curtain cinema, the concept central to his trilogy of films Strictly Ballroom (1992), Shakespeare’s Romeo Juliet (1996) and Moulin Rouge (2001). We are also very pleased to include an interview with Strictly Ballroom producer Tristram Miall in which he discusses his involvement in the making of Strictly Ballroom, and also provides insights into his role as a film producer in the Australian film industry. Both interviews will provide invaluable background material for both teachers and students. Strictly Ballroom is an excellent choice for comparative study as it is accessible, fun and fast-paced, but it also has serious themes and ultimately celebrates Australia’s multicultural society, a view that has strong resonance for contemporary Ireland. I hope you will find this guide an interesting, useful and enjoyable resource in your teaching of Strictly Ballroom. Grateful thanks to my colleagues Alicia McGivern, Grainne Humphreys and Liz Fehilly for their valuable suggestions and editorial contributions. Ann Ryan Schools Officer fiieducation The Film Institute of Ireland STRICTLY BALLROOM 4 Uluru (Ayers Rock) IMAGES OF AUSTRALIA â€Å"You will find a warm welcome waiting for you in Australia, one of the most fascinating and spectacular places on earth. A land of contrasts, at once a youthful, vital nation and the home of the planet’s oldest continuous culture. † 1 A SPECTACULAR HOLIDAY DESTINATION A SUCCESSFUL MIGRANT NATION Just as the Irish Tourist Board represents Ireland in a certain way to attract tourists, the Australian Tourist Commission promotes travel to Australia by highlighting its bright, colourful aspects. Famous landmarks such as the Sydney Opera House, Uluru (Ayers Rock) and the Great Barrier Reef are featured as well as Australia’s indigenous people, the aborigines. Ever since Australia was first colonised by British settlers more than two hundred years ago, there have been successive waves of migration to its shores. The majority of migrants came from Britain, Ireland and northern Europe until after the Second World War, when Australia welcomed refugees from war-torn Europe and also began to accept thousands of migrants from southern European countries such as Italy and Greece. (Melbourne for instance has the largest Greek population of any city in the world outside Greece). STEREOTYPICAL IMAGES What expectations do we have of Australia and its people? There are several familiar Australian stereotypes, including the enduring image of Aussie bushman hero seen in Paul Hogan’s Crocodile Dundee. This is continued in recent film release Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course (2002) tarring TV naturalist Steve Irwin. A more negative stereotype is that of a Today, Australians whose ancestors hail from Britain or Ireland2 still form a majority of Australia’s population but the country has also become one of the most successful migrant nations in the world, welcoming people from all corners of the globe to its shores. Notwithstanding the typical Australian male being depicted as beer-swilling, loud-mouthed and uncultured, like Barry Humphries’ comic creation Sir Les Patterson, ‘Australia’s 2002 government’s controversial stance on illegal immigrants, contemporary Australia is a diverse and vibrant multicultural society. ultural attache. ’ Characters and settings in Australian TV soaps such as Home Away and Neighbours conform to stereotypical views of Australia, such as the mistaken AUSTRALIAN CINEMA* During the 1970s the Australian film belief that it is permanently sunny there, or that people are always tanned, goodlooking, athletic ‘surfie’ types. Perhaps the soaps’ appeal lies in their representation of industry experienced a revival of its fortunes. You read "Strictly Ballroom" in category "Essay examples" The development of a government-assisted film industry reflected a desire to develop and nurture Australia as a sunny suburban paradise, a far cry from th e more downbeat settings of Eastenders or Fair City. a national cinema. Films made during the 1970s and since reflect Australia’s increasing cultural diversity. STRICTLY BALLROOM 5 The Dish, Australia’s biggest ever box office success Peter Weir is an important figure in the Australian film renaissance. His haunting success. This gentle comedy is set in July 1969 in a small rural town in New South 1 Australian Tourist Commission Traveller’s Guide 2002, p3 and atmospheric Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975) was a success both in Australia and Wales. Australian scientists become unlikely heroes because of the part they play in 3 Adrian Martin, More than Muriel, Sight and Sound nternationally. Adapted from the novel by Joan Lindsey, the film is set in 1900 on Valentine’s Day, when a group of schoolgirls on a picnic at Hanging Rock in Victoria disappear without trace. broadcasting the first TV pictures of the Apollo moon landing. In the 1980s the phenomenally successful Crocodile Dundee (1987) relied on the bushman stereotype for its comedy. In 3 addition to 1990s ‘kitsch comedy’ successes like Strictly Ballroom, Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1993) and Muriel’s Wedding (1994), other comedies also proved popular. The Dish (2000) emerged as Australia’s biggest ever box office Another box office success is Phillip Noyce’s film Rabbit Proof Fence (2002), which explores a significant and tragic part of Australian history: ‘The Stolen Generations. ‘ From 1905 to 1970 part-Aboriginal children were forcibly removed from their families and placed in institutions. Set in the 1930s and starring Kenneth Branagh, the film tells the story of three Aboriginal girls who escape from the institution they have been placed in and walk 1500 kilometres across the continent to find their way home. STUDENT EXPLORATIONS 1 Travel brochures promote Australia as one of the world’s most spectacular holiday destinations. What mpressions of Ireland are shown in travel brochures, do you think? 2 Describe a stereotypical Australian, then a typical Irish person. In what ways are these stereotypes limiting? Where do we see such stereotypes used? 3 Do you think Australian TV soaps are realistic? What images of Australia do they present? Compare their stories, cha racters and settings to an Irish or UK TV soap. 4 Compare another Australian film to Rabbit Proof Fence  © Miramax Release Date Ireland: 8/11/02 Strictly Ballroom. In what ways are they similar/different? What impressions of Australia do you receive in each film? *See Filmography (Appendix F) for ore details of Australian films. STRICTLY BALLROOM 6 2 Known as Anglo-Australians, or Anglo-Celtic Australians Vol. 5 No. 6 (1995) p30 – 32 (p30) Picnic at Hanging Rock BAZ LUHRMANN’S VISION ORIGINS OF STRICTLY BALLROOM company, the Six Years Old Company, subsequently revived the play for a it won the Festival’s Prix de Jeunesse. Strictly Ballroom also won several other Ballroom dancing is hugely popular in several countries around the world. With successful season at the Wharf Theatre in Sydney before touring to the World Expo awards, including eight Australian Film Institute Awards, three British Academy ts garish costumes, obsession with detail and rigorous rules, it has evolved into a dance sport and has recently been introduced to the Olympics. There are clubs and societies in countries around the world devoted to the promotion of ballroom dancing. Baz Luhrmann was introduced to the world of competitive ballroom dancing as a child growing up in Australia. His mother was a dancing teacher, and he took lessons, danced competitively and became a champion ballroom dancer himself. at Brisbane, Queensland in 1988. Awards and a Golden Globe nomination. FROM PLAY TO FILM VISION PASSION The next phase in Strictly Ballroom’s evelopment, however, was more challenging. Adapting the successful stage play into a film became what the filmakers describe as a â€Å"David and Goliath journey†. Producers Tristram Miall and Ted Albert had approached Baz Luhrmann with a view to buying the film rights. They agreed that he would write the script and direct the film. In 1991 Baz Luhrmann and Craig Pearce wrote the final screenplay for Strictly Ballr oom, but the Australian Film Finance Corporation were cautious about financing a first time director, producer and a largely unknown team. Few films were being made in Australia in the early 1990s, as it was in the midst of an conomic recession. In many ways the ‘David and Goliath’ struggle to get the film made reflects Scott’s struggle to dance his own steps in the film. His creativity and vision eventually win out despite the obstacles in his way. Similarly Baz Luhrmann’s team overcame what seemed to be impossible odds to triumph. Their vision and passion, combined with tenacity, hard work and determination helped them succeed in getting Strictly Ballroom made. Given the economic circumstances in Australia at the time, and the fact that Baz Luhrmann had never directed a feature film before, this was indeed a substantial achievement. AT DRAMA SCHOOL By 1985 Luhrmann was studying drama at the prestigious National Institute of Dramatic Art1 (NIDA) in Sydney, where he felt that its traditional teaching methods and strict rules were oppressive, stifling students’ creativity. Inspired by this experience, the original premise for Strictly Ballroom was based on overcoming oppression. Luhrmann chose the world of ballroom dancing because of his own experiences in that world. A DEVISED PLAY STUDENT EXPLORATIONS Despite several setbacks, including the 1 Baz Luhrmann and the producers have described the experience of making Strictly Ballroom into a film as a ‘David Goliath’ struggle. Find out about the sudden death of producer Ted Albert, the money was eventually raised to make the film, with the Australian Film Finance Corporation as main investor. But there story of ‘David Goliath’, and discuss how it has parallels with Scott’s story. 2 The theme of overcoming oppression was the premise for Baz Luhrmann and SETBACKS The first version of Strictly Ballroom was a thirty minute devised play, created by Luhrmann and fellow students (including long time friend and co-writer Craig were other difficulties along the way, including Paul Mercurio (Scott) injuring his ankle just before the start of filming, and he Film Finance Corporation allegedly Pearce). Luhrmann then directed the first ever stage production of Strictly Ballroom at NIDA. The play’s success led to its selection for the 1986 World Youth ‘hating’ the film after viewing a rough-cut. (See Interview with Tristram Miall). Despite all these difficulties, Strictly Ballroo m became a huge hit in Australia and Theatre Festival in Czechoslovakia, where it received awards for best production and best director. Luhrmann’s theatre overseas. Made for $3. 5 million Australian dollars, it screened at the prestigious international film festival at Cannes, where fellow NIDA students when they evised the play version of Strictly Ballroom. The students felt oppressed by the strict regime at their drama school. Do you have any personal experience or knowledge of such a regime? Give some examples. 3 Discuss the different stages by which Strictly Ballroom became a film. What impressions do you receive of Baz Luhrmann and his team? STRICTLY BALLROOM 7 â€Å"All our films use this cinema form which we call theatricalised cinema, red curtain cinema†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Baz Luhrmann Moulin Rouge (2001)  © Twentieth Century Fox RED CURTAIN CINEMA Shakespearean language, and Moulin Rouge is a musical. Once the audience Baz Luhrmann describes his trilogy of ilms as exam ples of red curtain cinema. accepts that they are always watching a movie and are not seduced into believing This concept, which he defines as a theatricalised, participatory cinema form set in a heightened world, is central to our understanding of his work. Strictly Ballroom, the first film in the red curtain trilogy was released in 1992, followed by Shakespeare’s Romeo Juliet (1996) and finally Moulin Rouge (2001). that it is real, Luhrmann believes that they will be able to participate actively in the viewing experience. According to Baz Luhrmann, there are rules and conventions in red curtain inema just as in other film genres. The first rule is that the story needs to be set in a heightened creative world. Strictly Ballroom opens with a theatrical swish of red velvet curtains. The opening image leads us into the world of competitive ballroom dancing, peopled by larger-than-life characters obsessed with winning. The second rule is that the story should be based on a reco gnisable story shape. In Strictly Ballroom, the David Goliath myth can be seen quite clearly in Scott’s Romeo Juliet (1996)  © Twentieth Century Fox struggle against the mighty Dance Federation. Similarly, the fairy tale about he ugly duckling being transformed into a swan is mirrored in the character of Fran. Baz Luhrmann for a detailed account of his artistic vision (Appendix B) Interview with producer Tristram Miall for details of his involvement in Strictly Ballroom. Thirdly, and finally, red curtain cinema is also audience participation cinema. For Luhrmann, the audience needs to be aware that what they are watching is not meant to be real. Unlike other films which give the illusion of reality, red curtain films use ‘devices’ to keep the audience aware that the film is heightened and stylised. In Strictly Ballroom the central device is ancing; in Romeo Juliet it is See (Appendix A) Interview with director DISCUSSION from his review of Moulin Rouge reve als: â€Å"The director clearly exults in the thrilling films like Top Hat (1935), the all-powerful Dance Federation is represented as the Luhrmann is influenced by radical theatre practitioner Bertolt Brecht, who was theatricality of the genre, which he communicates so infectiously to the enemy in Strictly Ballroom. ‘Mockumentary’ interviews in the opening interested in creating ‘active spectators’ in theatre audiences. To achieve this he employed distancing techniques to ensure that the spectator stands outside the xperience. 2 Brecht’s aim was to keep the audience intellectually involved, but emotionally detached. Baz Luhrmann wants the audience to be active participants, aware that they are watching a film. He describes red curtain cinema as being like ‘Brecht with heart’ because he also welcomes their emotional involvement. audience in this exuberant, intoxicating spectacle, a blissfully romantic paean to the power of love. † 3 sequence provide another example of the film’s parodying of conventions. So does red curtain cinema work, and are we convinced by it as a new cinema form? The world created in Strictly Ballroom is indeed larger-than-life, lamboyant and stylised. And in Shakespeare’s Romeo Juliet and Moulin Rouge Luhrmann continues the concept of red curtain cinema in ever more fantastical ways. The Verona in Shakespeare’s Romeo Juliet is hot, sexy and violent, a created world comprising of twentieth century icons. Moulin Rouge, STUDENT EXPLORATIONS There is no doubt that Baz Luhrmann’s red curtain films offer audiences larger-thanlife fantastical created worlds, stunning visual spectacle and stories based on recognisable myths. But perhaps the audience participation element of red curtain cinema works more convincingly in Strictly Ballroom and Romeo Juliet han in Moulin Rouge because in the final film of the trilogy the pace is just too frenetic and rushed. Those who love watching MTV may disagree, but in my view the audience simply does not have time to absorb the myriad images, sounds, sweeping camera angles and special effects. Far from encouraging our emotional involvement with the characters and storyline, these distancing techniques in fact have the opposite effect. A COMBINATION OF GENRES 1 Define ‘red curtain cinema’ in your own words. 2 We are used to seeing films at the cinema that are set in the ‘real world’. Give some examples of films like this. How do Baz Luhrmann’s films differ? Do you prefer films that have a realistic setting/storyline or films that are obviously set in a heightened, fantasy world? 3 What do you think of Baz Luhrmann’s concept of red curtain cinema? Does it work, in your opinion? (Consider Luhrmann’s other films, Romeo Juliet and Moulin Rouge as well as Strictly Ballroom in your response). 4 Strictly Ballroom also draws from other traditions in film and theatre. Give examples of key moments from the film that illustrate its combination of genres (eg. ‘mockumentary’, fairy tale, dance the final film in the red curtain trilogy, is an extraordinary musical love story, set in computer-generated Paris of 1899, featuring music from artists as diverse as Baz Luhrmann defines Strictly Ballroom as red curtain cinema, but it also draws from several traditions in film and theatre: slapstick elements of silent film; musical). Randy Crawford and Nirvana. Luhrmann’s red curtain films have been box office successes and are hugely popular with audiences. This is clear commedia dell’arte; even ‘mockumentary’. It can be described as a combination of the following genres: a romantic comedy, a fairy tale, a dance musical, a satire, and evidence that many people enjoy the experience of watching his films, and are illing, either consciously or unconsciously, to accept the conventions finally an example of ‘kitsch comedy. ’ Baz Luhrmann uses these conventions in Strictly Ballroom, but he also parodies them. The film self-consciously subverts loosely in English as distance alienation or the ‘A’ of red curtain cinema. Film critic Michael Dwyer is an enthusiastic admirer of Baz Luhrmann’s work, as the following extract our expectations of the backstage musical, so that far from being a celebration of the show business dance community as in narration, mask, song, and actors playing a variety 1 The National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) is ne of Australia ’s best-known drama schools. Graduates include Mel Gibson, Cate Blanchett and Toni Collette. 2 The concept of ‘verfremdungseffekt’, translated effect, is used in Brecht’s epic theatre to remind the audience that they are watching a play. (A-effects include a presentational style of acting, use of of roles). 3 Dwyer M. , The Irish Times, 5 September 2001 STRICTLY BALLROOM STRICTLY BALLROOM 7 9 THE WORLD OF THE FILM As we have seen in the discussion on red curtain cinema, one of its conventions is that the story takes place in a heightened, fantastical world. There are two contrasting worlds in Strictly Ballroom. Both are located physically in the suburbs of Sydney, but they are distinct and separate, reflecting the film’s collision of wills and cultures. THE BALLROOM DANCING WORLD The first world we enter is the competitive world of ballroom dancing. Locations in this world are always interior. It is represented as being fiercely conservative, with rigid rules that must be obeyed. Characters are Anglo-Australian comic stereotypes, whose costumes are garish and glitzy. They wear heavy make up, have elaborate, cartoon-like hairdos, and are overly concerned with outward appearances. Obsessed with winning ballroom dancing competitions, they are nable to talk about anything else. They have created an insular, claustrophobic world where outsiders are not welcome and innovation is seen as a threat. The heightened and stylised ballroom dancing world satirises aspects of Australian society. It serves as a metaphor Scott: I’m just asking you what you think of the steps. Liz: I donâ€℠¢t think. I don’t give a shit about them. We lost. (New Partners: Sequence 2) FRAN’S WORLD The second world is the Toledo Milk Bar, where Fran’s Spanish family lives. As recent migrants to Australia they are shown as living on the fringes of mainstream society, literally beside the railway tracks. Providing a stark contrast to the artificiality of the ballroom dancing world, their world is shown as more real. The exterior location suggests space and freedom. Characters are portrayed as more passionate and authentic than the winning-obsessed AngloAustralians because they dance from the heart rather than from a desire to win competitions. Baz Luhrmann explains: for a particular Anglo-Australian attitude, shown here as hierarchical and conservative. The Dance Federation’s obsession with rules and conformity â€Å"The Anglo world took the Paso Doble, which is a dance of expression, and put a whole lot of rules on it, and made it about inning. Whereas in Fran’s family, dancing is could also be said to represent a fear of change in a part of Australian society that discourages spontaneity and creativity. a tradition, it comes from life, it is an expression of life. † Scott’s crowd-pleasing steps are seen as pointless compared to the obsession with winning competitions. After Scott and Liz lose the Waratah Championships Liz is inherent in dance before it became restrained and stifled. When Ya Ya encourages Scott to â€Å"listen to the rhythm† (Paso Doble: Sequence 5), the film furious. Scott tries to persuade her to listen to his ideas but she is only nterested in winning: suggests that expression in dance should be lived and enjoyed, rather than made into a competitive sport. The film tries to capture the original passion STRICTLY BALLROOM 10 FAMILY ultimate patriarchal, authoritarian figure, treats women as decorative objects. His forced me into it – where the man goes the lady must follow – I had no choice. † Although they appear conventional enough, with a mother, father and two scenes with ‘loyal companion’ Charm Leachman (No New Steps: Sequence 6) (Waratah Championships: Sequence 1) Liz’s words are ironic, especially when we children, the Anglo-Australian Hastings amily is shown as dysfunctional. The film subverts our expectations of the ‘average’ family. Shirley, like the other characters from the ballroom dancing world is onedimensional. She is depicted as a stereotypical domineering wife, browbeating mild-mannered husband Doug. She is also a stage mother who lives vicariously through her children’s successes. Shirley is ambitious for her son Scott to win the Pan Pacific Dance Championships, but only if he dances the Federation way. and when he demonstrates the Bogo Pogo dance step to Wayne and Vanessa (The Pan-Pacifics: Sequence 7) reveal his sleazy side. consider that she is the one who refuses o dance with Scott after he dances his own steps, and throws a temper tantrum when she does not get her own way (New Partners: Sequence 2). Similarly, Shirley bursts into tears at the dance studio when the efforts to get Scott and Liz back together fail. Fran’s Spanish family is portrayed more sympathetically, but also somewhat stereotypi cally. Like Cinderella, her real mother has died. Her father Rico is shown as swarthy, unshaven and ultra-strict. Fran’s body language and actions suggest that she is afraid of him and when we first meet Rico after Scott walks Fran home (Sequence 3) his words to Fran are harsh. Fran’s grandmother Ya Ya, dressed in black with a crucifix around her neck, grey hair But elsewhere there are men who do not have such authority. The ‘camp’ representation of Les Kendall throughout the film indicates that he is homosexual. The fact that he is different, the film suggests, has not been to his advantage. Barry Fife calls him â€Å"a pathetic fag,† at the Pan-Pacifics (Sequence 8) when Les discovers the truth about the 1967 Championships. Doug Hastings is also different. Far from being the conventional male head of the family, he is bullied by his wife Shirley and seems to have no authority at home. Whenever he tries to talk to Scott he is ignored, until the Pan-Pacifics (Sequence 7) when he is finally able to make Scott listen. Their portrayal is in marked contrast to the way Fran is depicted. Shown very much as a fairy tale heroine, Fran is shown more positively. Her shyness and lack of self-confidence give way to her blossoming courage and independence. Her natural appearance contrasts with the heavily made-up ballroom dancers, again reinforcing the idea that Fran is genuine and has more depth than the superficial female characters of the ballroom dancing world. Doug’s role as father is in marked contrast Children There are two children in the film, Kylie, Scott’s younger sister, and Luke, her dance partner. Both are aged ten, and are tied back in a bun at first looks like a stereotypical ‘ethnic’ grandmother, but her appearance is deceptive. She is in fact Fran’s ally, covering for her when she goes to the way Rico is depicted. As a strict, authoritarian father, he is also portrayed as strong and masculine, his dance prowess seen as a macho attribute. He dressed as miniature ballroom dancers, complete with elaborate costumes and hairdos. Their function is to comment honestly and insightfully on the action, ut, and revealing a playful sense of humour at Scott’s expense during the Paso Doble scene (Sequence 5) when she speaks in Spanish about Scott’s becomes a mentor, even a father figure to Scott when he teaches him about the real meaning of dance. (Practising for the Pan-Pacifics: Sequence 6). and they also provide comic asides, for example wh en Kylie says: â€Å"It’s the inconceivable sight of Scott dancing with Fran,† as she watches them dance ROLES OF MEN, WOMEN, CHILDREN Women The film satirises Anglo-Australian women by depicting them as hysterical, bitchy and backstage at the State Championships (Sequence 4). Kylie and Luke also act uring the Pan-Pacifics (Sequence 8) to help Fran and Scott. Realising that Barry Men In the ballroom dancing world, the men appear to be in control. Barry Fife, the manipulative. The following melodramatic comments by Liz Holt suggest that men lead, at least on the dancefloor: â€Å"He Fife plans to cut the music, they lock themselves into the sound booth so that his plans are thwarted. Their heroic â€Å"nice body†. STRICTLY BALLROOM 11 actions at the end and the way they cheer for Scott and Fran suggest that they European migrants started arriving in Australia. It is clear that Fran’s family is not represent a brighter future for dance. s financially well off as the AngloAustralians. But the fiesta that takes place WORK at the back of the house (Paso Doble: Sequence 5) conveys that there is life and soul here. Although dancing is an amateur pastime for most of the characters in the ballroom dancing world, they are so obsessed that it dominates their lives. For some of the characters, ballroom dancing also provides their livelihoods. Les Kendall and Shirley run Kendall’s Dance Studio together. Shirley’s explanation of why she dumped Doug at the Pan-Pacifics in 1967 reveals her fear of insecurity. It also suggests that in this world people feel hey have to sacrifice their dreams to obtain job security: â€Å"There was too much at stake. Our dancing career was on the line. I couldn’t throw all that away on a dream. We had to survive. We would never have been able to teach. † (The Pan-Pacifics: Sequence 7) Barry Fife displays quite a different attitude to work. He uses his position as Federation President to f urther his own business interests, notably the way he POWER The Anglo-Australian characters are those who are depicted as having power in the film. But Barry Fife’s power is represented as hierarchical and corrupt. During the Waratah Championships (Sequence 1) the Dance Federation judging panel is framed with a low angle shot, showing Barry and his fellow officials placed on a stage above the audience, reflecting their superior status. Barry is willing to fix the Pan-Pacific Grand Prix Dance Championships, so that Scott doesn’t win, as his words to a drunk Ken Railings reveal: â€Å"Your year, Ken. Just get on the floor, go through the motions and it’s in the bag. † (Scott Fran’s Big Moment: Sequence 8) Throughout the film, his unscrupulous places his video, Dance to Win, on display at every opportunity, and gives a copy to Wayne as a sweetener to get him on his side against Scott (The State ethods reveal that he is willing to do anything to hang onto power. He is portrayed much like a corrupt politician or businessman who will do favours for Championships: Sequence 4). certain people in order to gain personal advantages. By contrast, Fran’s family business is the Toledo Milk Bar. Business does not seem In c ontrast, Fran’s family, who live on the to be booming, as the milk bar looks shabby and rundown. Its paintwork is dingy and worn and there are bins full of rubbish in front. In some ways the Toledo edges of society, are depicted as less powerful because they are not part of the established, dominant Anglo-Australian ulture. However, their sympathetic Milk Bar suggests an earlier era, the 1950s, when such places were first popular, and also when southern portrayal in the film suggests that despite their marginal status, they are culturally richer than their Anglo counterparts. CLASS others. (The Try-Outs: Sequence 3). It is as if Fran’s ethnicity marks her as different, STUDENT EXPLORATIONS Although the film shows two cultures in opposition, it is more difficult to position and is considered a drawback to her integration and acceptance into the 1 Baz Luhrmann’s describes the world of Strictly Ballroom as ‘heightened and them in terms of class. The AngloAustralians can be described as white working-class or lower middle-class. They have more money and status in society than the characters in the Spanish world, which places them in a higher position. Yet their values and attitudes are satirised in the film, so that the Anglo-Australian world is presented as tacky and artificial, lacking depth. The Spanish characters, living on the margins of an urban society can also be described as working-class. However, their values are celebrated in the film, placing them above the Anglo-Australians. Anglo-Australian world. At the Pan-Pacifics Fran tells Scott how difficult it has been for her: RACE In the film the Anglo-Australian world is shown as dominant, and ‘normal’, with Fran’s Spanish world represented as the ethnic ‘other’. This could be said to mirror the migrant experience in Australia, where Anglo-Australians form a majority of the population and have lived there longer than more recent arrivals. Fran’s â€Å"Frangipannidelasqueegymop. Wash the coffee cups Fran. How’s your skin Fran? † (At the Pan-Pacifics: Sequence 7). When Scott is introduced to the Spanish world, he is at first treated with suspicion by Rico (Paso Doble: Sequence 5). At first characters speak in Spanish in front of Scott, often at his expense, and as a way f excluding him from their conversation. For the first time Scott experiences what it is like to be an outsider. But after initial suspicion he is accepted. Scott is willing to learn from Rico and Ya Ya, and realises that the experience is enriching. It is interesting that as Rico and Ya Ya help Scott and Fran practice for the Pan-Pacifics (Sequence 6) they begin to speak both Spanish and English, indicating their growing acceptance of him and their openness to the Anglo world. 2 3 4 5 fantastical’. How does the film language used illustrate this? See Appendix E: Film Language. (Comment on costume, lighting, characters, amerawork, colour, music in each of the contrasting settings). How does the film depict the Anglo Australian characters? How does this compare with the film’s portrayal of Fran’s Spanish family? Who is portrayed more sympathetically, do you think? Many of the characters in Strictly Ballroom are cartoon-like and one dimensional. What advantages are there in creating characters that are stereotypes? Can you see any disadvantages? â€Å"No new steps! † Why do you think some of the characters were so frightened of new dance steps? Discuss the relevant characters/key moments. Do you sympathise with any of them? Why/why not? Do you agree with Baz Luhrmann that dance should be ‘an expression of life’ rather than a competitive sport? Do you experience at Kendall’s Dance Studio reflects this marginal status. She is known as ‘just Fran’ rather than by her full name Francisca. She is reluctant to say her The film’s triumphant finale, which shows the two cultures uniting on the dance floor, offers a celebration of Australia’s multicultural society. As characters from have any personal experience of dancing competitively? (Irish dancing, for example) What is your opinion on such competitions? Spanish name because it reinforces her outsider status, making her a potential arget for name-calling by Liz and Vanessa. Fran’s appearance is also the ballroom dancing world and Fran’s Spanish world dance together, Rico with Liz Holt, Ya Ya with Les, the film offers an optimistic ending. From being two 6 How does the world of Strictly Ballroom differ from the cu ltural contexts/social settings of other comparative texts you have studied? Are there any similarities? different. Her dark hair and natural skin provide a contrast to the artificial glamour of the other ballroom dancers. Shirley, in her role as cosmetician, is always separate, distinct cultures, the finale ensures that they intermingle, each nriched by the other. Only Barry Fife seems not to fit into this new, inclusive encouraging Fran to use apricot scrub or Buf Puf to improve her skin, and tries making her up so that she looks like the world, suggesting that he really does belong to a bygone era. STRICTLY BALLROOM 13 HERO, HEROINE, VILLAIN Mainstream Hollywood cinema draws from principles and structures established in Greek mythology. Stories are driven by the struggle between a central hero and another, usually darker force. The conventional cinematic hero is strong and virile, who proves himself by overcoming obstacles set out for him by the narrative. The hero always achieves his goal and wins the love of a woman through combat or physical confrontation with another male. HERO Scott is the central character in the film. Positioned as the hero, he is a passionate, ambitious ballroom dancer who also wants to dance his own steps. Scott has to balance his desire to win with a need for individuality and creativity. As he progresses through the film, he overcomes pressures and obstacles in his way and finds the courage to dance his own steps with Fran at the Pan-Pacifics. How film language* positions Scott as the Hero We know that Scott is the hero because he is central to the plot. The action he takes at the Waratah Championships when he dances his own steps is the catalyst for the story. But the way the story is told through film language also shows us that he is the a desire to win marks him as unconventional. He is also put under pressure to conform at different times during the film from Shirley, Les and Barry Fife, and he gives into the pressure more than once. The hero’s qualities of physical strength and virility are shown through ballroom dancing, an activity not normally associated with macho cinematic heroes. Scott’s Journey Scott also has to change his own attitudes to fully understand the true meaning of ance. There are several key moments in the film that illustrate Scott’s emotional journey: New Partners (Sequence 2) Fran approaches Scott When Fran asks to try out as Scott’s new hero. The camera frames Scott in particular ways to emphasise this. The following elements in camerawork illustrate how a film can position the hero: Scott: You’ve come up to me who’s been dancing since I was six years old†¦ and †¢ Framing of shots – the camera stays with the character as much as possible †¢ Close-ups of the character’s face reveal you want to dance non-Federation, and convince the judges at the Pan-Pacific Grand Prix with 3 weeks to train? Fran: Yeah. how the character is feeling †¢ Point-of-view shots make the audience see things from his perspective *See also Appendix E: Film Language STRICTLY BALLROOM 14 An Untypical Hero? Scott is an untypical cinematic hero. His interest in artistic self-expression more than partner, he is dismissive of her ability: Scott: I don’t think so. Scott only listens to Fran after she loses her temper and tells him he’s a â€Å"gutless wonder† for not having the courage to give her a chance. Even after Scott accepts Fran as his new partner, he holds onto the attitudes and beliefs of the ballroom dancing world. As they dance the ne last look at Liz, Shirley and the other competitors before jumping offstage to An Untypical Heroine? But if Fran fulfils many of the rumba, he instructs Fran to â€Å"look at me like you’re in love,† emphasising the artificiality find Fran. requirements of a fairy tale heroine, she is also untypical. Although Fran appears to of the ballroom dancing style. STUDENT EXPLORATIONS State Championships (Sequence 4) Scott and Fran dance together backstage Scott is caught between wanting to win the competition and his desire to dance new steps with Fran. The opportunity to dance with Tina Sparkle is tempting, and he is esitant when Fran asks him directly what he intends to do: 1 What are the qualities of a typical Hollywood hero? 2 Give examples of 2 other films in which the central character can be described as heroic, and give reasons for your choices. 3 How does the film position Scott as the hero? 4 Give examples of key moments that show Scott as the hero, and explain how film language conveys this to the audience. be a passive and shy individual at the beginning, at important moments she shows determination and defiance. But she also falters under pressure at times, particularly when faced with Scott’s indecision, or when bullied by Shirley Hastings. Fran: Are you going to dance with Tina? Scott: I†¦ she’s a champion. But as Fran watches Tina Sparkle and Nathan perform, Scott follows her gaze. The close-up shot of his reaction indicates that he is beginning to realise what he wants to do. As he dances with Fran backstage the lyrics to the song ‘Perhaps’ – â€Å"If you can’t make your mind up, we’ll never get started,† fit the scene perfectly. HEROINE Fran’s Journey Unlike the journey Scott makes to change his attitude towards dance, Fran already knows that she wants to dance ‘from the heart’. The Spanish proverb, ‘Vivir con miedo, es como vivir a medias/A life lived n fear is a life half-lived’ is one of the main messages of the film, and is closely associated with Fran. Her journey is about overcoming her fear so that she can reach her potential and live life to the full. Paso Doble (Sequence 5) Rico and Ya Ya dance the Paso Doble Ric o and Ya Ya, having laughed at Scott and Fran Fran is positioned as the heroine in the film. Like Scott, she is a complex character who has to overcome obstacles to achieve her goals. In many ways she fulfils the requirements of a fairy tale heroine, with clear similarities between her character and Cinderella or The Ugly Duckling. At irst she is portrayed as a shy, awkward Fran’s ballroom dancing version of the Paso Doble, teach Scott their way. As Ya Ya encourages him to â€Å"listen to the rhythm,† Scott is transformed by the experience and beginner dancer. Wearing glasses, no make-up and a baggy T-shirt, her plainness provides a contrast to the glitz and glamour of the other ballroom rejects her shows her strength of feeling: learns that dancing from the heart makes it more meaningful and real. dancers. you’re just really scared, you’re really scared to give someone new a go because you think, you know, they might just be better than you are. Well, you’re just There are several key moments that illustrate Fran’s journey: New Partners (Sequence 2) Fran approaches Scott Fran’s angry response to Scott when he â€Å"You’re just like the rest of them. You think you’re different but you’re not because The Pan-Pacific Grand Prix Dance The film shows Fran’s journey towards confidence and fulfilment through the Championship (Sequence 7) Doug reveals the truth When Doug catches up with Scott and tells him the truth about the 1967 changes in her costume and appearance. From the opening sequence which features a close-up shot of an ordinary looking Fran speaking to camera about athetic and you’re gutless. You’re a gutless wonder. Vivir con miedo, es como vivir a medias! † Championships, Scott realises that he can dance with Fran at last. The film moves into slow motion as he spins around to have Scott and Liz’s ‘wonderful steps’, she undergoes a transformation, blossoming into a beautiful, confident dancer. Fran is then positioned in the centre of the frame, standing in the spotlight, just as Scott had been earlier. This indicates STRICTLY BALLROOM 15 that she too wants to dance her own steps, and suggests that she and Scott go home rather than spoil Scott’s chances. The use of low angle close-ups of Shirley, re more closely linked than we have previously realised. Vanessa and Liz, seen from Fran’s point of view, represent them as villains and Fran as a victim of bullying. The Try-Outs (Sequence 3) This montage sequence shows several aspects of the story that happen over the same period of time. Scott’s try-outs with prospective new partners are juxtaposed with Scott and Fran continuing to practice together. The camera also cuts to dates being crossed off the calendar, indicating that time has passed, and the soundtrack, appropriately, is the song Time After Time. The montage also shows how Franâ€℠¢s transformation is taking place. Gradually er appearance begins to change, her hair becomes darker and more attractive and she wears skirts rather than leggings. The use of colour is also significant, and by the end of the sequence she is shown wearing stronger colours (black and red), reflecting her growing confidence. The State Championships (Sequence 4) Fran and Scott dance together backstage After the revelation that Tina is to be Scott’s new partner, Fran retreats backstage where Scott finds her. But the spell is broken when Liz Holt scathingly comments: â€Å"You’re kidding! † when she sees Fran and Scott dancing together. Fran becomes self-conscious again, and falls ver, injuring her ankle. Practising for the Pan-Pacifics (Sequence 6) Fran and Scott practice for the Pan-Pacifics with the guidance and support of Rico and Ya Ya. When Fran dances complicated steps with confidence and poise during a practice with her father, the reaction shot of Rico shows his surprise and pride. It is as if he is seeing his daughter in a new light. Like Ya Ya, he accepts that Fran has overcome her shyness and is ready to dance at the Pan-Pacifics. STUDENT EXPLORATIONS 1 Fran can be described as being like a fairytale heroine. Choose 3 key moments from the film that show parallels between Fran and a fairytale heroine. How does the film reveal Fran’s transformation? Give some examples of key moments where Fran’s image changes, referring to costume, facial expression, movement, camerawork etc. Is the transformation more than just her appearance, do you think? VILLAIN Barry Fife There is one obvious villain in the film – Shirley, Liz and Vanessa persuade Fran to go home This scene in the dressing room is Barry Fife, President of the Australian Dance Federation. Symbolising a bygone patriarchal, authoritarian era Barry is portrayed as being shifty and corrupt. Like reminiscent of Cinderella, when Shirley (like the wicked stepmother), Vanessa and Liz (as the ugly sisters) persuade Fran to many of the characters in the ballroom dancing world, Barry is depicted as a cartoon-like stereotype. He is often filmed STRICTLY BALLROOM 16 in low angle close-ups, which make his face look grotesque, and his shiny blue speech about heroes to Les, which is both comic and satirical, bearing similarities to table and is shown on the floor looking dishevelled and defeated. The high angle suits, red face and false hairpiece convey to the audience that he is not to be the kind of speeches we are accustomed to hearing from certain politicians: camera shot used here makes him appear ulnerable for the first time. To symbolise trusted. Barry’s fear of change, combined with his desperation to remain the allpowerful President by ruthless and corrupt means, results in his loss of power and authority at the end of the film. Barry fulfils the role of a typical cinematic villain, being the darker force that tries to prevent Scott from dancing his o wn steps. Despite his villainous ways, he is also responsible for many of the film’s funniest moments, particularly when he confuses proverbs and sayings like: ‘Let’s not chuck the baby out with the bathtub,’ and ‘One bad egg can rot the whole barrel. ’ Several ey moments reveal Barry Fife as a villain: Waratah Championships (Sequence 1) Barry’s office Barry is sitting in his office behind his desk, a position that emphasises his authority. Speaking directly to camera, Barry’s statement hints strongly that he is more than an impartial judge at the dance competition: â€Å"You can dance any steps you like, but that doesn’t mean you’ll†¦ win. † â€Å"Let’s not forget, Les, that a Pan-Pacific Champion becomes a hero, a guiding light to all dancers. Someone who’ll set the right example†¦ I love dancing, Les, and I won’t let what we’ve fought for all these years be destroyed. † The film then cuts to an obviously drunk Ken Railings dancing with Liz, providing an ironic comment on what exactly Barry Fife has fought for all these years. Practising for the Pan-Pacifics (Sequence 6) Barry’s version of Doug’s downfall When Barry tells Scott that Doug’s crazy steps lost the 1967 Pan-Pacifics for Shirley and Doug, the audience does not yet know the truth. Barry’s fake version of events is conveyed to us through a flashback sequence, which he narrates. The past is depicted as a drama, a playwithin-a-play in which Barry, naturally is represented positively. His version of the past is designed to create a rosy nostalgia, ut his words sound unconvincing and false: The film language used during this scene conveys Barry’s untrustworthy nature. The ADDITIONAL EXPLORATIONS 1 The final sequence at the Pan-Pacifics reveals acts of heroism by other characters in the film. Name the characters involved, and describe the actions they take that might be considered heroic. 2 From your study of Strictly Ballroom as well as other comparative texts, compare the heroic qualities of each of the main protagonists. In what ways are they similar/different? The Pan-Pacific Grand Prix Dance Championships (Sequence 7) Barry falls and knocks over the trophies Les that he wants Scott to dance with Tina Sparkle. To the tune of Danny Boy in the background, Barry makes a sentimental 1 How does the film communicate that Barry Fife is a villain? Comment on the film language used and refer to selected key moments in your response. 2 Is Barry Fife more than just a villain? Are there any reasons why we might feel sympathy for him in the film? we used to scruff it together†¦ Lessie’d come along of course. The three of us together, the old gang. We were a bunch of old funsters. † State Championships (Sequence 4) Barry talks to Les Barry’s motives become clearer as he tells STUDENT EXPLORATIONS I was your dad’s best mate in those days, lighting is shadowy and the camera zooms in to a close-up of his mouth when he says the word â€Å"win,† which echoes ominously. Barry’s sudden and dramatic fall from power, his hairpiece has fallen off and the trophies are scattered around him. After Barry’s schemes have been foiled, one of the last images we see of him is when he literally topples over the trophy STRICTLY BALLROOM 17 APPENDIX A BAZ LUHRMANN INTERVIEW FII: When did you first see cinematic overcoming seemingly impossible odds, on the culture of Australia. But beyond that, possibilities for Strictly Ballroom? BL: Well, what happened was I did it as a and it’s finally about the fact that the young David with the belief, comes up because it is David and Goliath, and because there was an election campaign at play and then I met this producer and he said, look I’d like to buy the rights, and I with the solution†¦ No one wanted to finance the film, I was a first-time director, the time about republicanism it had political implications too. The all-powerful said, well I’d like to make a film of it and they agreed to let me do the film. But I you know what I mean, there were lots of no’s. I went to Cannes the year before and Federation, they have a very particular Australian attitude, which is an old guy always thought it would be a film and I always thought it would be a musical as doors were slammed in my face. Not twelve months later the same people that going, â€Å"There’s only one way to cha cha cha mate, and you’ve got to do it that way or well. I mean all our films we make have this cinema form which we call had said, â€Å"What a waste of time†¦ † were like crying with tears going, â€Å"Remember else. † It started to smash away at that. FII: What films have influenced you? I theatricalised cinema, red curtain cinema Strictly Ballroom, Romeo and Juliet and How to cite Strictly Ballroom, Essay examples

Tortoise and the Hare Sample Essay Example For Students

Tortoise and the Hare Sample Essay I remember a batch of small narratives as a child and I was holding a difficult clip calculating out one to portion. One stuck out to me the most. My grandmother would state it to me to learn me about forbearance. Of class. at the clip I did non believe of it as a lesson. but more as amusement at grandma’s house. Looking back. I can definably appreciate this authoritative narrative called the â€Å"Tortoise and the Hare. † Once upon a clip there was a hare who kept boasting about how he could run faster than anyone else. and was particularly mocking tortoise for how slow he was. Then one twenty-four hours. the annoyed tortoise answered back: â€Å"Who do you believe you are? You sure are fast. but you can be all in! † The hare exclaimed with laughter. â€Å"Beaten in a race? By who? Not by you! I bet there’s cipher in the universe that can win against me. I’m so fast. Now. why don’t you seek? † Annoyed by all the crow. the tortoise acc epted the challenge. A class was planned. and the following twenty-four hours at morning they stood at the get downing line. The hare yawned as the tortoise headed off easy. When the hare saw how distressingly decelerate his challenger was. he decided. half asleep on his pess. to hold a speedy sleep. â€Å"Take your clip! † he said. â€Å"I’ll catch up with you in a minute. † The hare woke up with a start from his small sleep. looking for the tortoise. But he was merely a short distance off. holding hardly covered a 3rd of the class. Breathing a suspiration of alleviation. the hare decided he might every bit good hold breakfast excessively. and off he went to eat some chous he had noticed in a nearby field. But the heavy repast and the hot Sun made his palpebras sag. With a careless glimpse at the tortoise. now midway along the class. he decided to hold another sleep before winning this race. He was smiling at the idea of the expression on the tortoise’s face when it saw the hare velocity by. he so fell fast asleep. The Sun started to travel down. and the tortoise. who had been heading towards the coating line since the forenoon. was possibly a pace from the finish line. The hare woke up. He could see the tortoise a short spot off and the hare sprinted away. He bolted down the path. panting for breath. Just a small more and he’d be first to complete. But the hare’s last spring was merely excessively late. for the tortoise had beaten him to the finish line. The hare all tired and ashamed. slumped down beside the tortoise who was mutely smiling at him. The tortoise turns to him and says. â€Å"Slowly does it every clip! †I think this narrative has a batch to with being in college and endeavoring for ends every bit good. I think this narrative means to work easy and expeditiously at something you think is disputing. If you work excessively fast. and have a large self-importance about the undertaking at manus. you may pall out and lose what you were endeavoring for in the first topographic point. Basically. you are more successful by making things easy and steadily than by moving rapidly and heedlessly. Patience is besides a large factor in this narrative. The hare wasn’t patient and was excessively confident in winning the race that he became defeated and went to kip. If he had a little more forbearance and didn’t underestimate the tortoise. possibly he would hold won. Now that I think of it. this narrative had A LOT of significances. : ) .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12 , .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12 .postImageUrl , .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12 , .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12:hover , .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12:visited , .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12:active { border:0!important; } .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12:active , .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12 .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u44ee45d2f0086925e24d80c56aadab12:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Portrayal of Reality in Great Gatsby EssayI like this narrative in this format because it makes childs want to listen about what the result is. They want to hear who wins. As a kid. I know I wanted the tortoise to win. A child might non cognize what the narrative means at the clip. but if they are like I was. the narrative gets stuck in your encephalon and shows up subsequently in life. I think this lesson has an consequence on the reader because it made a profound consequence on me. This narrative has stuck in my caput. and when I become defeated or in a haste to complete a paper or something. I kid you non. I think of the â€Å"Tortoise and the Hare. †

Ordinary People By Judith Guest Essays - Lake Forest, Illinois

Ordinary People By Judith Guest Ordinary People by Judith Guest is the story of a family having psychological problems, which relate to one another through superficial behaviors. They distort reality and hide their true emotions to reduce or prevent anxiety. The book opens with seventeen year old Conrad, son of upper middle-class Beth and Calvin Jarrett, comes home after eight months in a psychiatric hospital, because he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists. His mother is a meticulously orderly person who despises him. She does all the right things; attending to Jared's physical needs, keeping a spotless home, plays golf and bridge with other women in her social circle but in her own words "is an emotional cripple". Jared's father, raised in an orphanage, seems anxious to please everyone. Though a successful tax attorney, he is jumpy around Conrad and according to his wife, drinks too many martinis. Conrad seems consumed with despair. Chalk-faced, hair-hacked Conrad seems bent on preserving the family myth that all is well in the world. His family, after all, "are people of good taste. They do not discuss a problem in the face of the problem." Yet, there is not one problem in this family but two Conrad's suicide and the death by drowning of Conrad's older brother, Buck. Conrad eventually contacts a psychiatrist, Dr. Berger, because he feels the "air is full of flying glass" and wants to feel in control. Their initial sessions together frustrate the psychiatrist because of Conrad's inability to express his feelings. Conrad's slow but steady journey towards healing seems the result of catharsis which remove guilt feelings regarding his brother's death and his family's denial of that death, plus the "love of a good woman." There is no doubt that Conrad is consumed with guilt, this guilt gives him feelings of low self-esteem. Survivors of horrible tragedies, such as the Holocaust, frequently express similar feelings of worthlessness.

Should America Police the Worl essays

Should America Police the Worl essays There are two clearly defined sides to this question. One side would like to see America take a state of neutrality when it comes to overseas intervention. This side includes the anti-war protestors and critics questioning the recent war on Iraq. They say that America should let other countries worry about their own problems, because Americans already have enough problems to agonize over. Since America is the only superpower left in the world they have a responsibility to keep the peace, which calls for them to play the role of the worlds police force. This leads to the other side of the question, where war-supporters argue that if America doesnt step up to the plate to control evil tyrants, then who will? In the past, there have been international organizations that have tried to promote world peace and patrol the world. For example, the League of Nations was a dismal failure and currently the United Nations is not much better. Its hard to take seriously a federation of countries whose human rights commission is chaired by Libya and whose disarmament commission will soon be chaired by Iraq. So who does that leave to be the worlds police force? Argentina? Bolivia? Cameroon? The answer is pretty obvious. It is the country with the most vibrant economy, the most passionate devotion to liberty, and the most powerful military. The only nation capable of incorporating all of the above requirements is the United States of America. The United States is the only power that can handle a showdown in the Persian Gulf, mount the kind of force that is needed to protect Saudi Arabia, and deter a crisis in the Taiwan Strait. Do we really want that job? For the past fifty years, Americans were told that policing the world was a strategic and moral obligation. They were told that they were saving the world from communism and defending their own national security. Now with the defeat of communism, with the exception of ...

Word Choice Whiskey vs. Whisky

Word Choice Whiskey vs. Whisky Word Choice: Whiskey vs. Whisky To mark Saint Patrick’s Day, we’re taking a look at a spelling problem with deep connections to Ireland: whether to write â€Å"whiskey† or â€Å"whisky.† So are these terms interchangeable? Or is there a difference? And what does this have to do with Ireland anyway? Let us explain! The Origins of Whisky/Whiskey Whisky (we will default to this spelling to save repeating ourselves too much) is a distilled alcoholic drink made from malted grain. It is widely associated with two countries: Scotland and Ireland. Both have a long history of distilling whisky, but the word itself comes from Ireland. A modern whisky still.(Photo: saxonrider) In particular, it comes from Old Irish term uisge beatha, meaning â€Å"water of life.† This is the Irish version of aqua vitae, which was the Latin word for distilled alcohol of any kind (not just whisky). Eventually, uisge beatha entered English and was anglicized to become â€Å"whisky† or â€Å"whiskey.† Why two spellings, though? This may have started as a matter of regional preference. The story most people tell is that, during the 19th century, Irish distillers wanted to distinguish their product from their Scottish competitors. As such, they started using the spelling â€Å"whiskey† for Irish whiskey. Scottish whisky, meanwhile, became known as Scotch whisky. A Global Drink We see this Irish–Scottish division in modern spellings around the world: The spelling â€Å"whiskey† is standard in Ireland and the US. This is partly because of the large number of Irish immigrants who set up stills over here. â€Å"Whisky† is standard in most other countries, including Japan and India. This is not a strict distinction, though. As such, while â€Å"whiskey† is standard in the US, you will also find distillers who call their products â€Å"whisky.† For instance, Maker’s Mark uses the spelling â€Å"whisky† to recognize the Scottish heritage of company founder Bill Samuel. Whiskey or Whisky? Some people say there are differences between â€Å"whiskey† and â€Å"whisky,† such as the distillation process or the type of still used. Most of the time, though, â€Å"whiskey† and â€Å"whisky† are just different spellings of the same word. And as such, they are often used interchangeably. However, if you want to avoid upsetting drink geeks, remember: Whiskey is the spelling associated with Ireland. Whisky is associated with Scotland (especially â€Å"Scotch whisky†). So the correct spelling depends on where your favored tipple comes from. And if you want a Saint Patrick’s Day drink that won’t cause spelling headaches, you can always try Guinness instead.

Art Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Art Project - Essay Example For the sea, I chose pictures of the sea in varying states, from calm seas to violently stormy seas showing differing color intensities. For the land I chose some pictures showing greenery and beautiful landscapes, placing these on a small fraction of the land sections. I decided against using any animal pictures as this were not quite in line with what I was planning. The rest of the land section I covered with pictures of factories, large buildings and garbage to show the dire situation that our land is in. The more fuming the factory scenes were the better! I also have pictures of pipes leading to the seas, showing how industrial and domestic activities are polluting our earth. I put a lot off effort in the selection of the pictures, a time consuming process. I shaped all the continents while continuing with the cube style. It was difficult to use cubes for the continents. Some were not too co-operative, but I am pleased with the final outcome. The style I chose for my work was la rgely influenced by the works of artists David Hockney, who chose photographs for collages as well as Camille Zakharia for the cube technique. I was also greatly influenced by Charles Fazzino who works with 3-D in Styrofoam as I have done here. This meant that I had to cut the pictures to exact sizes before I could use them. I also overlapped them slightly so that each picture became a part of the next and did not stand out individually. To show how the situation we are in today is largely due to the work of our own hands, I created plaster jips of my own hands. This was difficult as the gimps kept breaking or cracking until I ran out of the jips issued at school. I replaced these with a cheaper quality jip that did not work so well. This process took up much of my time and effort. There is need to continue practicing Continuing the cube approach as well as the good and evil theme, one of the hands (the 'good' or nature one) is covered with cubed photographs of greenery and beautiful things such as plants and flowers to represent the progress made by environmentalists in trying to save the earth. I also chose some greenery to go around the base of the hand. This had to be as beautiful as possible to draw a person to the loveliness that can be achieved when one nurtures nature. The 'bad' hand is covered by similar pictures to those covering the land spaces on the globe. These represent all the evil work that man conti nues to do to the planet. In contrast to the good hand that is cradling the earth, the bad hand 'claws' into the earth, tearing it apart and causing destruction. Part of me wanted to tear the pictures around the claws, maybe make it a little rough but I was not sure I could pull it off so I left it for when I have greater confidence and time. The hand is covered in garbage and dump heaps. This hand also has pipes leading to the background filled with space pictures. In contemplating this stage, I chose to do this so that I can show the balance that earth hangs in the solar system as well as the destructive consequences of mans activities with time. The pipes are a reflection of the influence of our activities on polluting the solar system. On the other hand, the balance of the earth lies in our hands and that is why the nature hand cradles the earth.The space background also helps in portraying the 3D visual effect of earth in space and I covered

Managerial Decidion Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managerial Decidion Making - Essay Example The basis that conflicts are different gives an insight on how they can be best solved by understanding the underlying principles. Conflicts can either be constructive or harmful depending on the scenario they arise. Positive conflicts also known as constructive conflicts facilitate tolerance, greater understanding, learning and effectiveness where the conflicting parties are able to grow and develop on the conflicting ideas (Dayton, 2012). In order for a conflict to arise, it has to bear some characteristics which are; independent parties are involved, a feeling of resentment, a perception that the other party is at fault and an action that can cause a business problem. This paper focuses on the workplace conflict, the causes of such conflicts and proposes an effective way of resolving conflicts in the workplace. A good example is where Jacob and Austin share an open office workstation. Jacob’s desk is tidy and likes silence in order to pay full attention to the task and beat deadlines. Jacob prefers taking meals from the dining room provided by the company. On the other hand, Austin’s desk is full of empty disposable cups stashed together with dusty files around. When on the phone he talks at the top of his voice, which disrupts Jacob. Despite being provided with dining place, Austin prefers to take meals from his desk while listening to the lunch time news. This behavior by Austin has always driven Jacob crazy and often culminated in arguments that have caught the attention of other workmates. Austin sometimes prefers working from a different terminal. In a nut shell, the conflict in this scenario is caused by the different styles of approach that the two adapt and also the personal values of each one. Purely the above case encompasses all facets of a conflict. In a strong bid to end or minimize conflicts in the workplace, there has to be a clear way of approaching the causes,

Social Work Essay Example for Free

Social Work Essay Question 1 In the prefatory statement of Chapter 2, Bradford, Sheafor and Scott, says that â€Å"the main focus of social work, promoting general welfare† (p. 15), has become more difficult to achieve after the events of September 11 and the war on Iraq and Afghanistan. But what is social welfare? Bradford, Sheafor and Scott attempted to shed some light on the concept by first, dissecting its composite words, then, by providing a functional definition. They said that â€Å"society’s efforts to meet some human needs are labeled social welfare† (Bradford et. al. , p. 16). They said that â€Å"social† pertains to individual and groups interactions, while â€Å"welfare† implies concern for human well-being (Bradford et. al. , p. 16). For them, the useful definition of social welfare is as follows: Social Welfare is the translation of society’s dominant social philosophies into social policies, to be carried out by a system of human services agencies and delivered by human services professionals, in order to meet socially related needs of individuals, families and other households, groups and/or communities through programs offering social provisions, personal services and/or social actions (Bradford et. l. , p. 17) This definition seems to agree with how Reamer presented his own discussion on the philosophical basis of social work. But later discussions of Bradford, Sheaford and Scott on social welfare veered off from the â€Å"translation of philosophies to social policies† to a critique of social policies in the United States in the past and present administrations. This is a marked departure from Reamer’s academic and objective approached in discussing the philosophical basis of social work. In his book, Reamer presented the different models with respect to welfare state’s philosophical foundations. They are the conservative, liberal and radical. The conservatives believe that welfare state would encourage personal and social irresponsibility more than it provides a measure of defense against poverty, unemployment, sickness and so on. The welfare state â€Å"encourages sloth, teenage pregnancy and other forms of dependence† (Reamer, p. 15). The conservatives see welfare as a charity organized by the State. It is not a right to which the members of society are entitled to (Reamer, p. 0). The liberals, on the other hand, believe that social welfare spending in the country has been insufficient. They see that insufficiency in social welfare spending as the cause of current vexing social problems. (Reamer, p. 15) The liberals see welfare as a fundamental right to which the individuals in society are entitled to (Reamer, p. 30). The radicals present a complex viewpoint. They believe that â€Å"conservatives are correct that liberals demand too much from welfare state and liberals are correct that the welfare state has not done enough† (Reamer, p. 15). They also believe that the fiscal policies of welfare states contradict their own purpose. The definition provided by Bradford, Sheamor and Scott appears to be neutral of these philosophical foundations since it uses the phrase â€Å"translation of the society’s dominant social philosophies into social policies. † However, the discussion in the later part of the chapter provides a different viewpoint altogether. Chapter 2 shows as a liberal viewpoint. This is particularly demonstrated by the many criticisms on several past administrations’ social welfare policies. The chapter also compared the defense spending with spending on human services in several administrations, and seemed to be against the trend towards less spending on human services and more defense spending. The authors showed a mark preference to increase human services spending. As a prelude to the authors’ subjective discussion of welfare in the United States, they said that the â€Å"index of a nation’s continued commitment to its people is its investment in social programs. † The book provides an enumeration of the main purpose of social programs. First, remediation of social problem which pertains to programs that are created to provide services intended to help people who experience difficulty in a particular aspect of social functioning. The second is the enhancement of social functioning which pertains to programs which emphasize the growth and development of clients in a specific area of functioning. The third is the prevention of social problems which pertains to programs that identifies the basic causes of difficulty in social functioning and seek to stimulate changes that will keep the problems from developing (Bradford, et al. , 25-26) The book also provides the four specific goals of social program. They are as follows: (1) socialization of people to the accepted norms and behaviors in society, (2) social integration where people are helped to become more successful in interacting with the world around them, (3) social control by removing people from situations when they may place themselves or others at risk and (4) social changes by stimulating changes that will enhance the overall quality of life. (Bradford, et al. , 26) There are two social programs conceptions, the safety net approach and the social utilities approach. The safety net approach pertains to programs that are planned as a way for society to assist people when other social institutions, such as family and community, fail to do so. The net safety approach is considered residual, selective and time-limited. (Bradford, et al. , p. 26) The social utilities approach pertains to programs with a view that â€Å"human services is society’s frontline manner in addressing common needs† (Bradford, et al. , p. 26). This approach is considered universal. It also calls for the institutionalization of social welfare (Bradford, et al. , p. 27) The book provides for three categories of welfare. They are enumerated, as follows: (1) social provisions or those which are designed to meet fundamental needs, (2) personal services or those which provides problem-solving and enhancement programs and intangible services that help people resolve their social functioning, and (3) social action which help change conditions that create difficulties in social functioning. (Bradford, et al. , p. 27) Bradford, Sheaford and Scott says that â€Å"poverty is the single most revealing indicator of success or failure of social programs† (p. 0). Poverty data shows some disturbing patterns. Gender-based data shows that there are more females living in poverty than male. Poverty data also show that there are more poor people in highly urbanized cities than there are in rural areas. The authors attribute this to the movement of wealthy people to the suburbs. The data also shows that white people are the least likely to be poor that other ethnic groups. Lastly, the data shows that more single parents are poor than married ones. In relation, single mothers are more likely to be poor than single fathers. The authors urge social workers to examine the patterns and their causes so that the can effect change in the society. (Bradford, et al. , p. 30) However we must look at the data presented above as one of the interpretation of existing information regarding poverty. Because of the discrepancy between the numbers between male and female, young and old and white and other ethnic groups, the authors concluded that there is still discrimination in society in terms of race, gender or other factors, and seems to look at this as evidence of the need for more or better social welfare programs in the United States. Bradford, Sheamor and Scott presented the continuing bias against certain members of the population through the available data on poverty in the United States, they called it â€Å"racism, sexism and other isms†. They focused on social factors and politics as the guiding staff as to direction or trend of social welfare in the country (p. 30). This is a marked departure from Reamer’s presentation. Reamer focused on the dominant philosophical ideas of the day and its effect on social welfare. An example of this is his discussion on how the ideas of John Meynard Keynes on the need for the government’s increased involvements in social welfare has influenced the welfare policies of nations in contemporary times. He also said that Beveridge’s concerns that social welfare may suppress incentive and responsibility also affected the United States’ welfare policies. â€Å"Social work has complex ties with the state† (Reamer, p. 1). According to Reamer, all across history is the debate over who is in-charge of social welfare (p. 0), the private or public sector. â€Å"Debate over private or public welfare has an ancient history† (Reamer, p. 10). Of publicly-sponsored welfare, he said that: Publicly-sponsored welfare is tied to deep-seated beliefs about the goals of government and the right of citizens in relation to the states, the obligation of the state towards its citizens, the nature of political and civil liberty and the nature of social jus tice (Reamer, 2). In fact he said that the advancement of publicly sponsored welfare in the eighteenth and nineteenth century was less for altruism and more for the necessity to preserve the existing social order. It was during these times that social programs devised in contemporary time have their roots. Reamer’s subsequent discussion on the history of welfare focused on philosophical antecedents. As an example he attributes social programs such as the welfare state to come from eighteen century Prussia and the civil code of 1974. Meanwhile, Bradford, Sheamor and Scott focused on the events and situation of the country that brought about the social programs. Based on their recounting of the history of social welfare in the United States, the authors focused on the social situation at that time and how it affected the ruling administration’s policy on social welfare as well as the opinion of the majority of the population on publicly-sponsored welfare. As an example of this differing presentation is the two works’ discussion on the social welfare programs during the Depression. As presented by Bradford, Sheamor and Scott, before this period in history, social problems are concentrated on other ethnic groups, such as the new freed black slaves or the displaced Mexican or Native Americans. During the Depression, poverty knew no color or race, everyone was hungry and out of work. For Bradford, Sheamor and Scott, the change in the policy on social welfare at this period of history was caused by the acknowledgement of the predominant white ruling class of the United States that factors outside the individuals can place him in a situation of poverty. Reamer’s presentation, on the other hand, detailed the birth and rise in popularity of the â€Å"free market† philosophy of Adam Smith, then, its fall from grace during the Depression. For Reamer, the shift in welfare programs during the Great Depression was because of the loss of confidence in the â€Å"free market† philosophy that was very popular in prior years before the Depression. Question 2 Based on the classroom discussion, social welfare has two primary categories. They are as follows: (1) transactions that occur outside of the market system and (2) those that are designed to bring about a minimum level of care. The first category considers those transactions that allow a person to acquire goods or services for free or cheaper than the prevailing market price as welfare. Reamer does not distinguish between these two categories in his discussion on the political philosophies of social welfare. In his discussion of the development of Adam Smith’s â€Å"laissez faire,† Reamer talked about the viewpoint of that philosophy that welfare distorts market forces. For example, the philosophy believes that labor should be free to name its price based on market forces, free from outside interference. Since the regulation of the price of labor by the state is included by Reamer in his discussion of laissez faire, it is seen by him as an example of social welfare. This example, however, falls into both categories of social welfare. State’s regulation of the price of labor is part of labor legislation that provides for minimum standards for conditions of work. Hence, it is included in category two. But at the same time, we are talking about fixing of a price outside of the market, although in this situation it is presumed that the price set is above what the market dictates. One way of viewing it, in terms of the first category, the receipt of wages in excess of the market is welfare. Reamer had his own discussion as to the two aspects of professional service. First, he said that social welfare is aimed at the enhancement of the quality of life. It is a concept that is often anchored in the common good and public interest. (Reamer, p. 34) Common good is based on the idea that society is a community where members contribute in the pursuit of common goals and the good of the individual depend on the good of the community. It is a concept that is inherently communal. (Reamer, p. 34) Public interest, on the other hand, pertains to any goals that a legitimate government may pursue to bring about their economic and foreign policies. Unlike common good, it is not inherently communal and encourages the promotion or pursuit of individual interests. (Reamer, p. 35) Based on these two anchors comes the two aspects of professional service, one which focuses on the common weal and another that focuses on individual interests. These two aspects represent the two extremes, and Reamer considers these two aspects as the central debate on social welfare today. There are many differences between the two aspects. The former believes in combining providing assistance to those in need with structural change. The latter, on the other hand, believes in providing clinical services. The primary purpose of those who focus on the common weal is the individual well-being, community intervention, organization change, legislative lobbying and other forms of intervention. The primary purpose of those who focus on individual interests is the enhancement of individual functioning. (Reamer, p. 36) Most of Reamer’s discussion focused on the extent of government’s intervention in social welfare. There was a detailed history of the growth of public-sponsored welfare and a discussion on the ongoing debate of when public sponsored welfare is too much. In relation to publicly sponsored welfare, he discussed the concept of distributive justice. He believes that the central theme to the philosophical materials on social welfare is the redistribution of wealth (Reamer, p. 5). The concentration of the society’s wealth in a few members of the population is seen as a cause of social problems. However, distributive justice has had different connotations across time, and is not always seen as evil or wrong by some schools of thoughts (p. 26). Another philosophical theme that Reamer discussed is the concept of welfare as a right or a privilege. There are philosophers who believe that welfare is a fundamental right of a person. This belief is composed of two traditions, the liberal and the radical. The liberal viewpoint believes that welfare is a right that arises out of or by virtue of the financial stake of person in society. It is necessarily connected to concept of property rights and the right of the person to protect his property from state intervention. The radical viewpoint sees welfare as the protection of people from both the power of government and private property. It sees welfare as a right that is absolute and unconditional and spouses a communal vision of property rights. (Reamer, p. 30) On the flip side of the coin are those who believe that welfare is a matter of privilege. The conservative viewpoint, for example, sees welfare as a charity not a right. This means that the members of the society cannot demand it of the state. It is only through the benevolence of the state that welfare is given. (Reamer, p. 30) Welfare as right or privilege only looks at the extreme sides of the issue, there are those who look welfare as not as a right or as a charity. This is called the intermediate view. This viewpoint believes that welfare should be balanced against competing claims, such as political, social and economic ones. (Reamer, p. 30)

U.S. National Debt Essays -- Argumentative Economics Economy Papers

U.S. National Debt The U.S. national debt has reached an alarming proportion. As it steadily increases, it's effect may not be felt now, but it will be in the future. Paul Gregory and Roy ruffin, in their book entitled Economics, linked deficits with inflation in the long run (251). Demand-side inflation of this type fails to increase the GDP, but instead just increases prices. Continuous increases in prices do not benefit the country or future generations. Also entitlements, such as Social Secriuty and Medicaid, now engulf a large percent of the deficit. Figures from the article "The Entitlement Quaqmire" (http://www.europa.com/~blugene/deficit/entitlements.html) concluded that Social Secruity was the largest portion of the entitlements, which total to around one-half of the budget. While the older generations now benefit from this debt by paying lower taxes and receiving these entitlements, the younger generations will have to bare the burden of the debt run-up by these exha!ustive expenditures without recieving any benefit from them. With a future of inflation and indebtedness from which no benefit for the payee was received, demonstrates the debt will have an effect on the economy and not for the better. Some may argue that the Keynsian approach of increasing the AD by running a deficit is necessary. A liberal Democrat, Joe Schwartz in his editorial(http://comemac4.bsd. uchicago.edu/DSALit/DL/DL954#1) expre...

Disney world

Disney World opened, and It Is now the most vaulted vacation resort In the world. A trip to Disney World Is definitely a fabulous of all the wonders at Disney world, the Magic Kingdom draws the experience. Most visitors. Tourists can step into the past, ride a sleek spaceship into the future, or dance with an animated mouse. The Magic Kingdom certainly delivers the fantasy that it promises. Its most appealing aspect is that everything appears to be so perfect: every building, object, and decoration is sparkling clean. A major point of interest is the nightly parade of animated Disney characters.As a marching band drums in the distance, cartoon characters, like Goofy and Snow White, stop to mingle with the tourists and begin to usher them to the sides of Main Street for a parade. This spectacle differs from any other parade one may have seen. Dressed in embellished and spotless uniforms, the well-ordered, attractive band members hold their instruments at the perfect angle. Also, the s hapely twirlers always catch their batons, strut in unison, and magically reappear like clockwork in an hour. Disney World is also famous for its food; however, the concessions are not as memorable as a visit to the Magic Kingdom.The distinctive aroma of variety of foods mixed in the air makes all visitors hungry. A multitude of treats, such as McDonald's and Chinese cuisine are offered at a rather expensive price. One of the most desired choices by many is a smoked turkey leg. A treat such as this is served from vendors all across the park and is among the most popular food items available. Just the smell of a hot turkey leg is irresistible. It makes one's mouth water even before he or she tastes the brown, roasted, Juicy meat goodness of the turkey leg. All In all, Walt Disney World Resort is the most magical destination on earth.It Is a location where children smile in bliss and adults fly back Into childhood memories. Also, It Is a place where guests seems to walk back Into chil dhood movies, reminding themselves of the movies they watched in hopes of becoming a beautiful princess or a gallant hero, The Magic Kingdom provides fun and Interesting actively to Individuals of all ages. An attendance of 52. 5 million annually makes Disney World the greatest and one of the busiest amusement park on earth. No other theme park has the magic that Just one day at Disney World can provide. Seen world By generated Arriving at Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida, one is able to see that it is America's best-known, busiest, and most profitable tourist attraction. This and delicious food of all types. Disney World, as it is informally known, began on the drawing table in 1960 as a dream of Walt Disney. Although he died in 1966 before his vision was realized, his brother Roy O. Disney continued with the construction of the resort. On October 1, 1971, Disney World opened, and it is now the most visited vacation resort in the world. A trip to Disney World is definit ely a fabulousOf all the wonders at Disney World, the Magic Kingdom draws the perfect; every building, object, and decoration is sparkling clean. A major point of All in all, Walt Disney World Resort is the most magical destination on earth. It is a location where children smile in bliss and adults fly back into childhood memories. Also, it is a place where guests seems to walk back into childhood movies, reminding themselves of the movies they watched in hopes of becoming a beautiful princess or a gallant hero. The Magic Kingdom provides fun and interesting activities to individuals of all ages. An Disney World My favorite place I can remember was when I went to Disney World for the first time. It was in February 2002 and I was eight years old. It was Christmas day when my dad and step mom came over and gave us just one gift. The gift was a picture frame and inside it was a paper with pink dotted outline and cursive writing that said â€Å"We’re going to Disney World this February. † That’s when I realized where my most favorite place would be. Walking into Disney all you can hear is the blaring music that sounds like birds singing it.There are sparkling ribbons flowing from every direction, they have ravishing reds, brilliant blues, and outrageous pinks. Mickey Mouse stands at the front gate with a magnificent smile and waving his goofy looking hand. I ran up to give him a hug because my excitement to see him was almost terrifying. While wrapping my baby-sized arms around him, he is fuzzy and smells like an abundance of different types of candy. My dad then wisped me u p on his shoulders and it felt like I was on the Eiffel Tower.From being up on top of the world, I peered ahead and saw the most radiant view ever. Running down the little town like road, I had almost missed what the buildings had to show me. The buildings stood enormous and all perfectly decorated with what was in the shops. The toy store had the most mesmerizing appearance and it caught my eye right away. Glass figurines sat elegant in the old wooden window frame while the train twirled around blowing smoke around them. Across the red cobblestone road was the bakery.The luscious smell of chocolate cakes and candy apples replenish the air. The delectable pastries were placed on different shelves. Moist chocolate cakes with dark icing and white bows on top lay across a golden tray on the middle shelf. On the same shelf are eggshell color cookies with Mickey Mouse ears. Below are the same cookie but on these ones have the same ears but were different because they have a ruby red bow between them which were Minnie Mouse ears. Both of them look heavenly to the taste buds and no doubt every kid wants them.The aspect of having a cookie with a character on it was mind blowing to most kids. They never realize that the characters on the cookies were really there. Woody was right on that same street and he was from my favorite movie. He looks as perfection would come. His hat a rustic brown while his badge gleams in the sun with every turn he took. The boots he wore have Andy’s name written across but as worn as a rage doll it is. I was told that this wasn’t the best part and it was sure to come soon.Instead of looking at every store that I thought would each be wonderful, we continued down the road onto other things that day. The one thing everyone knows about Disney World is Cinderella’s Castle. No one every describs how majestic it really is though. The stone it is built of shined when every light hit it. The elegance of the building was so exub erant that it made you feel like you were at a royal gathering. On each of the colossal towers, a flag was gliding through the air. The doors on the castle were massive!They have an antique look to them with wooden panels and a metal door handle. This castle is one of the things Disney needs to tell more of because no one knows its true beauty. Disney World has taken my breathe away since I was only eight years old and still I can be mesmerized with what it has to hold. It might be just a place to go on vacation for some, and others can be somewhere there kids will never forget. My parents wanted it to be that somewhere to never forget and it worked, because now Disney World is my most favorite place to be. Disney World The Walt Disney Company was founded in 1923 by Walter Elias Disney. It has four main business segments. These include Studio Entertainment, Parks and Resorts, Consumer Products, and Media Networks. It is currently the #2 media conglomerate right behind Time Warner. It was ranked 64 on the Fortune 500 companies list. It is currently competing with Time Warner, CBS Corp and News Corp. The main goal of Disney Land is to make people happy and create by far â€Å"the happiest place on Earth†. The goal of every employee is to treat each customer like their own guest.The main objective of this portrayal is to make people believe that nothing bad happens at Disneyland. A community objective of the company is to keep children engaged in creative, constructive and healthy activities. The company guides relationships with adults and offers a wide range of character building opportunities. Disney also encourages compassion and love for one another and especially to those who are facing ad versity. The Walt Disney Company follows the best business standards in all of its practices.Employees are trained about the business standards and ethics by the Business Conduct Training Center at Disney. This helps ensure that all employees have the information and guidance to act lawfully and morally. Walt Disney’s hiring practices are such that they provide equal opportunity to all employees and candidates regardless of â€Å"race, religion, color, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age, marital status, covered veteran status, mental or physical disability, pregnancy, or any other basis prohibited by state or federal law.† (Business Standards and Ethics)Walt Disney also prevents harassment and has clear policies on discrimination. Therefore, no employee can harass a guest or another employee â€Å"for any reason prohibited by law, including, but not limited to, race, religion, color, sex, and sexual orientation, national origin, age, marital status, covered veteran status, mental or physical disability, pregnancy, or any other basis prohibited by state or federal law†. (Business Standards and Ethics) Disney World My favorite place I can remember was when I went to Disney World for the first time. It was in February 2002 and I was eight years old. It was Christmas day when my dad and step mom came over and gave us just one gift. The gift was a picture frame and inside it was a paper with pink dotted outline and cursive writing that said â€Å"We’re going to Disney World this February. † That’s when I realized where my most favorite place would be. Walking into Disney all you can hear is the blaring music that sounds like birds singing it.There are sparkling ribbons flowing from every direction, they have ravishing reds, brilliant blues, and outrageous pinks. Mickey Mouse stands at the front gate with a magnificent smile and waving his goofy looking hand. I ran up to give him a hug because my excitement to see him was almost terrifying. While wrapping my baby-sized arms around him, he is fuzzy and smells like an abundance of different types of candy. My dad then wisped me u p on his shoulders and it felt like I was on the Eiffel Tower.From being up on top of the world, I peered ahead and saw the most radiant view ever. Running down the little town like road, I had almost missed what the buildings had to show me. The buildings stood enormous and all perfectly decorated with what was in the shops. The toy store had the most mesmerizing appearance and it caught my eye right away. Glass figurines sat elegant in the old wooden window frame while the train twirled around blowing smoke around them. Across the red cobblestone road was the bakery.The luscious smell of chocolate cakes and candy apples replenish the air. The delectable pastries were placed on different shelves. Moist chocolate cakes with dark icing and white bows on top lay across a golden tray on the middle shelf. On the same shelf are eggshell color cookies with Mickey Mouse ears. Below are the same cookie but on these ones have the same ears but were different because they have a ruby red bow between them which were Minnie Mouse ears. Both of them look heavenly to the taste buds and no doubt every kid wants them.The aspect of having a cookie with a character on it was mind blowing to most kids. They never realize that the characters on the cookies were really there. Woody was right on that same street and he was from my favorite movie. He looks as perfection would come. His hat a rustic brown while his badge gleams in the sun with every turn he took. The boots he wore have Andy’s name written across but as worn as a rage doll it is. I was told that this wasn’t the best part and it was sure to come soon.Instead of looking at every store that I thought would each be wonderful, we continued down the road onto other things that day. The one thing everyone knows about Disney World is Cinderella’s Castle. No one every describs how majestic it really is though. The stone it is built of shined when every light hit it. The elegance of the building was so exub erant that it made you feel like you were at a royal gathering. On each of the colossal towers, a flag was gliding through the air. The doors on the castle were massive!They have an antique look to them with wooden panels and a metal door handle. This castle is one of the things Disney needs to tell more of because no one knows its true beauty. Disney World has taken my breathe away since I was only eight years old and still I can be mesmerized with what it has to hold. It might be just a place to go on vacation for some, and others can be somewhere there kids will never forget. My parents wanted it to be that somewhere to never forget and it worked, because now Disney World is my most favorite place to be.